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Longshoring Industry U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration Elaine L. Chao, Secretary OSHA 2232 2001 (Revised) This booklet provides a generic, non exhaustive overview of a particular standards-related topic. This publication does not itself alter or determine compliance responsibilities, which are set forth in OSHA standards themselves, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without the permission of the Federal Government. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice Phone: (202) 693-1999; Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. Table of Contents Foreword Maritime Coverage Under State Plans Guidelines for Workplace Safety and Health Programs in the Marine Terminal and Longshoring Industries Basic Elements Management Commitment and Leadership Employee Participation Hazard Identification, Assessment, and Control Training Recordkeeping Multiple Employer Worksites Accident and Incident Investigation Program Evaluation PART 1917 - MARINE TERMINALS Subpart A -- General Provisions §1917.1 Scope and applicability §1917.2 Definitions §1917.3 Incorporation by reference §1917.4 OMB control numbers under the Paperwork Reduction Act Subpart B -- Marine Terminal Operations §1917.11 Housekeeping §1917.12 Slippery conditions §1917.13 Slinging §1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets §1917.15 Coopering §1917.16 Line handling §1917.17 Railroad facilities §1917.18 Log handling §1917.19 Movement of barges and railcars §1917.20 Interference with communications §1917.21 Open fires §1917.22 Hazardous cargo (See §1917.2(p) ) §1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres and substances (See also §1917.2, Hazardous cargo, material, substance, or atmosphere) §1917.24 Carbon monoxide §1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous preservatives (See also §1917.2, Hazardous cargo, material, substance, or atmosphere) §1917.26 First-aid and lifesaving facilities §1917.27 Personnel §1917.28 Hazard communication (See also §1917.1(a) (2) (vi) ) §1917.29 Retention of DOT markings, placards and labels §1917.30 Emergency action plans Subpart C -- Cargo Handling Gear and Equipment §1917.41 House falls §1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear §1917.43 Powered industrial trucks §1917.44 General rules applicable to vehicles §1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also §1917.50) §1917.46 Load indicating devices §1917.47 Winches §1917.48 Conveyors §1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins, and associated equipment §1917.50 Certification of marine terminal material handling devices (See also mandatory Appendix I, Part 1917) §1917.51 Hand tools Subpart D -- Specialized Terminals §1917.70 General §1917.71 Terminals handling inter-modal containers or roll-on roll-off operations §1917.73 Terminal facilities handling menhaden and similar species of fish (See also §1917.2, Hazardous cargo, material, substance, or atmosphere) Subpart E -- Personal Protection §1917.91 Eye and face protection §1917.92 Respiratory protection §1917.93 Head protection §1917.94 Foot protection §1917.95 Other protective measures Subpart F -- Terminal Facilities §1917.111 Maintenance and load limits §1917.112 Guarding of edges §1917.113 Clearance heights §1917.114 Cargo doors §1917.115 Platforms and skids §1917.116 Elevators and escalators §1917.117 Manlifts §1917.118 Fixed ladders §1917.119 Portable ladders §1917.120 Fixed stairways §1917.121 Spiral stairways §1917.122 Employee exits §1917.123 Illumination §1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridge plates) §1917.125 Guarding temporary hazards §1917.126 River banks §1917.127 Sanitation §1917.128 Signs and markings Subpart G -- Related Terminal Operations and Equipment §1917.151 Machine guarding §1917.152 Welding, cutting, and heating (hot work) (See also §1917.2, definition of Hazardous cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere) §1917.153 Spray painting (See also §1917.2, definition of Hazardous cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere) §1917.154 Compressed air §1917.155 Air receivers §1917.156 Fuel handling and storage §1917.157 Battery charging and changing §1917.158 Prohibited operations Appendix I to Part 1917 -- Special Cargo Gear and Container Spreader Test Requirements (Mandatory) [See §1917.50(c) (5) ] Authority: Section 41, Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (33 U.S.C. 941) ; Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657) ; Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754) , 8-76 (41 FR 25059) , 9-83 (48 FR 35736) , or 6-96 (62 FR 111) , as applicable; and 29 CFR Part 1911. Section 1917.28 also issued under 5 U.S.C. 553. Section 1917.29 also issued under Sec. 29, Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990 (49 U.S.C.1801-1819 and 5 U.S.C. 553). PART 1918 -- SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR LONGSHORING Subpart A -- General Provisions §1918.1 Scope and application §1918.2 Definitions §1918.3 Incorporation by reference §1918.4 OMB control numbers under the Paperwork Reduction Act Subpart B -- Gear Certification §1918.11 Gear certification (See also §1918.2, definition of "Vessel's cargo handling gear" and §1918.51) Subpart C -- Gangways and Other Means of Access §1918.21 General requirements §1918.22 Gangways §1918.23 Jacob's ladders §1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders §1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (See also §1918.86) §1918.26 Access to barges and river towboats Subpart D -- Working Surfaces §1918.31 Hatch coverings §1918.32 Stowed cargo and temporary landing surfaces §1918.33 Deck loads §1918.34 Other decks §1918.35 Open hatches §1918.36 Weather deck rails §1918.37 Barges Subpart E -- Opening and Closing Hatches §1918.41 Coaming clearances §1918.42 Hatch beam and ponto §1918.43 Handling hatch beams and covers Subpart F -- Vessel's Cargo Handling Gear §1918.51 General requirements (See also §1918.11 and Appendix III of this part) §1918.52 Specific requirements §1918.53 Cargo winches §1918.54 Rigging gear §1918.55 Cranes (See also §1918.11) Subpart G -- Cargo Handling Gear and Equipment Other Than Ship's Gear §1918.61 General (See also Appendix IV of this part) §1918.62 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear §1918.63 Chutes, gravity conveyors and rollers §1918.64 Forward conveyors §1918.65 Mechanically powered vehicles used aboard vessels §1918.66 Cranes and derricks other than vessel's gear §1918.67 Notifying the ship's officers before using certain equipment §1918.68 Grounding §1918.69 Tools Subpart H -- Handling Cargo §1918.81 Slinging §1918.82 Building drafts §1918.83 Stowed cargo; tiering and breaking down §1918.84 Bulling cargo §1918.85 Containerized cargo operations §1918.86 Roll-on roll-off (Ro-Ro) operations (See also §1918.2, Ro-Ro operations, and §1918.25) §1918.87 Ship's cargo elevators §1918.88 Log operations §1918.89 Handling hazardous cargo (See also §1918.2 and §1918.99) Subpart I -- General Working Conditions §1918.90 Hazard Communication (See also 1918.1(b) (4) ) §1918.91 Housekeeping §1918.92 Illumination §1918.93 Hazardous atmospheres and substances (See also §1918.2) §1918.94 Ventilation and atmospheric conditions (See also §1918.2, definitions of Hazardous cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere; and Ro-Ro operations) §1918.95 Sanitation §1918.96 Maintenance and repair work in the vicinity of longshoring operations §1918.97 First-aid and lifesaving facilities (See Appendix V of this part) §1918.98 Qualifications of machinery operators and supervisory training §1918.99 Retention of DOT markings, placards and labels §1918.100 Emergency action plans Subpart J -- Personal Protective Equipmen §1918.101 Eye and face protection §1918.102 Respiratory protection (See §1918.1(b) (8) ) §1918.103 Head protection §1918.104 Foot protection §1918.105 Other protective measures Appendix I to Part 1918 -- Cargo Gear Register and Certificates (Non-mandatory) Appendix II to Part 1918 -- Tables for Selected Miscellaneous Auxiliary Gear (Mandatory) Appendix III to Part 1918 -- The Mechanics of Conventional Cargo Gear (Non-mandatory) Appendix IV to Part 1918 -- Special Cargo Gear and Container Spreader Test Requirements (Mandatory) [See §1918.61(f) , (g) , (h) ] Appendix V to Part 1918 -- Basic Elements of a First Aid Training Program (Non-mandatory) Authority: Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 , 29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657; Walsh-Healey Act , 41 U.S.C. 35 et seq.; Service Contract Act of 1965 , 41 U.S.C. 351 et seq.; Sec. 107, Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (Construction Safety Act ) , 40 U.S.C. 333; Sec. 41, of Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act , 33 U.S.C. 941; National Foundation of Arts and Humanities Act , 20 U.S.C. 951 et seq.; Secretary of Labor's Order No. 6-96 (62 FR 111) and 29 CFR part 1911. What Other Help Does OSHA Provide? State Programs Consultation Services Voluntary Protection Programs Training and Education Electronic Information Emergencies States with Approved Plans OSHA Consultation Project Directory OSHA Area Offices OSHA Regional Offices Foreword This booklet contains all the safety and health standards concerning the marine terminal and longshoring industries, as contained in Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Parts 1917 and 1918 , as of June 30, 2000. Also, included are brief discussions about:
In addition, OSHA regulations regarding general agency practices and procedures are applicable to marine terminal and longshoring industry employment, directing particular attention to the provisions of 29 CFR Part 1904, "Recording and Reporting of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses." The marine terminal and longshoring standards cover employees of employers that perform marine cargo handling operations on shore or aboard vessels. States administering their own occupational safety and health programs through plans approved under Section 18(b) of the Act must adopt standards and enforce requirements that are at least as effective as Federal requirements. There are currently 26 states and territories with approved state plans: 23 cover private and public sectors and 3 cover state and local government employees only (see the list of states and territories with approved plans at the end of this booklet). Maritime Coverage Under State Plans Most states with federally approved safety and health plans have chosen not to extend their coverage to maritime employment. In those jurisdictions, state plans cover only state and local government maritime workers. Federal OSHA retains responsibility for all other maritime coverage. A few state plans include some coverage for private sector onshore maritime workers. For a detailed summary of maritime coverage under particular state plans, see Title 29 CFR Part 1952. These regulations and other OSHA information are also available online at www.osha.gov. The guidelines for safety and health programs are for informational purposes only. These guidelines are not mandatory.
Guidelines for Workplace Safety and Health Programs in the Marine Terminal and Longshoring Industries1 Data and studies show that effective workplace safety and health programs can substantially reduce worker deaths, injuries, and illnesses and their associated costs. As a result, many states have regulations and guidelines concerning occupational safety and health programs. Occupational safety and health organizations and professionals as well as insurance companies also have programs. These programs are called, among other things, accident prevention programs, injury and illness prevention programs, loss control programs, and total quality management programs. The core function of any workplace safety and health program is to "find and fix" hazards that endanger employees and to implement systems, procedures, and processes that prevent hazards from recurring or being introduced into the workplace. This element of a worker protection program has the most immediate and direct effect on injury and illness prevention. Basic Elements OSHA believes that the following basic elements are essential for an effective workplace safety and health program:
Management Commitment and Leadership Management commitment and leadership are widely accepted within the safety and health community or by safety and health professionals as preconditions for an effective safety and health program. An effective safety and health program is driven from the highest levels of the organization through all levels of management to front line supervisors and employees. Such leadership provides the motivating force and sets the tone for the entire program. Only management can assert and continually affirm that worker protection is a fundamental value of the organization, on par with other organizational functions such as production. In addition, only management can ensure that organizational resources are properly directed to activities that support the safety and health program. OSHA urges employers to demonstrate leadership and commitment to an occupational safety and health program by:
The employer needs to provide opportunities for employees to participate in establishing, implementing, and evaluating a safety and health program. If it is to be effective, all employees need to become involved in the safety and health program. Employee participation is important because successfully identifying, preventing, and controlling hazards often requires a response that cuts across organizational units. Employees should be encouraged to participate in all aspects of the safety and health program, from developing and planning to implementing and evaluating. A fundamental aspect of employee participation is encouraging employees to report work-related injuries, illnesses, and hazards and to recommend appropriate ways to address them. Prompt response to such reports is an essential way employers can show that they want employee input. There are many different forms of employee participation. It can be individual and direct such as interviews, talking to workers during a workplace walkthrough, or establishing safety stewards. Other methods of employee participation include, but are not limited to, joint management/labor safety and health committees, management/labor accident review committees, management/labor safety surveys, management/labor accident investigation, and safety suggestion programs, employee safety training sessions, and safety meetings. Safety and health committee members usually are volunteers selected by the union, by other employees, or by employers. The size and makeup of the committee is likely to vary, depending upon the size of the workplace and the nature of the operations and potential hazards. For example, at many unionized workplaces, employee safety committees work independent of management on various tasks. At other unionized workplaces, non-supervisory employees participate with management on a central workplace safety and health committee. At some workplaces, employee or joint committees are used for specific purposes, such as inspecting the workplace for hazards, investigating accidents and incidents, and training employees. Successful employee participation relies on two things: knowledge and respect. Persons who participate in the program or have workplace safety and health responsibilities need training to carry out their responsibilities successfully. At unionized workplaces, this may mean respect between representatives of organizations. At non-union workplaces, there is respect between individuals and mutual respect among managers, supervisors, and workers. Hazard Identification, Assessment, and Control The employer must identify, assess, and control worksite hazards. This includes hazards that OSHA standards cover as well as other recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or physical harm to workers. To identify such worksite hazards, the employer should at least:
Hazard assessment and control needs to be a systematic process where the employer has established activities, procedures, or practices to implement or support the task. In addition, it means that the program activities are both ongoing and conducted on some routine basis that is appropriate to the particular workplace or the conditions and hazards. There are many procedures employers can use to identify and evaluate serious workplace hazards:
The best way to control hazards is in the design phase when the employer can make changes that will prevent the hazards from occurring. To do that engineers, maintenance, and procurement personnel should be encouraged to work together and with suppliers and manufacturers to anticipate and solve problems at the earliest stages. Smaller businesses should be encouraged to use the resources of trade associations to find new equipment, materials, and processes that will not expose employees to hazards. Where hazards are present in the workplace, the employer needs to implement feasible controls to eliminate or reduce them. To control hazards, employers should follow the established hierarchy of controls that is a widely accepted, tiered intervention strategy for controlling workplace hazards. The three tiers, in order of preferred control methods, are as follows:
Employers should give all employees safety and health training for the types of jobs they perform. Training should include workplace hazard awareness and prevention. In addition, employees with safety and health responsibilities should receive special training to accomplish their responsibilities. Effective training is not "one size fits all;" therefore, the ways and mechanisms used to provide employee training are likely to vary significantly, depending upon factors such as:
Safety and health training should cover certain fundamentals:
In addition to general awareness training, it is important that both supervisory and non-supervisory employees with responsibility for implementing the safety and health program receive sufficient training to enable them to carry out those responsibilities. Such training should at least cover hazard identification methods, job safety analysis methods, control implementation and evaluation, and problem solving. After initial safety and health training of employees, training should continue on both a routine and as-needed basis. In addition, training presentations and materials should be evaluated periodically to ensure that they are effective in providing employees with information necessary to protect them from injury and illness. Recordkeeping To demonstrate the effectiveness of the company's safety and health program, the employer should maintain safety and health records. Employers need to maintain sufficient records that allow them to know what hazards need to be controlled and to evaluate the effectiveness of the safety and health program in reducing deaths, injuries, and illnesses. For example, reviewing workplace injury experience over a period of time may reveal patterns of injury with common causes that can be addressed. Using baseline data and yearly updates also will allow the employer to evaluate whether the safety and health program has been successful in addressing workplace hazards. Various factors determine what records an employer needs to maintain. For example, recordkeeping may be very informal or unnecessary for smaller workplaces or workplaces where few hazards are present. More specifically, in a small workplace the employer's notes from a workplace "walkaround" safety and health inspection may be the extent of the program records. On the other hand, larger workplaces or workplaces with safety and health committees may maintain more detailed records. Examples of some records typically maintained by employers are:
Multiple Employer Worksites Multiple employers often conduct work at a single maritime facility. The presence of multiple employers introduces additional problems and complexities in the communication and coordination of worker safety and health. There needs to be two-way communication between host and contract employers as well as reasonable allocation of workplace safety and health responsibilities among the employers that takes this added complexity into account. Generally, the host employer is in the best position to ensure that communication and coordination of workplace safety and health is taking place. This is because the host employer often controls the means and methods of work; however, contract employers also have a role in workplace safety and health. Contract employers also may introduce hazards into the workplace that could endanger host employees. Host and contract employers, therefore, should initially exchange information on occupational hazards, safety rules, and emergency responses. Before starting any work, host employers, such as marine terminal operators or general contractors, should inform contract employers, or subcontractors, of any known safety and health hazard to which the contract employees may be exposed. The host employer should inform contract employers of applicable provisions in the host employer's safety and health program that apply to contract employees. Contract employers should ensure that host employers are aware of hazards presented by contract work and how the hazards are being handled. Contract employers should instruct their employees about the hazards to which they may be exposed, as well as what the host employer is doing to correct the hazards. In addition, contract employers should notify host employers of any hazards they discover that were previously unidentified. In such cases, it is important that the contract employer advise the host employer so no persons at the workplace, regardless of which employer they work for, get injured or become ill. Accident and Incident Investigation The control component of the safety and health program is primarily a proactive measure; that is, aggressive implementation of this element may mean that the employer is able to identify and control all workplace hazards before any employee has been injured or becomes ill. The employer, however, should promptly investigate worksite fatalities, injuries, illnesses, and potentially hazardous incidents, or near misses. Although these types of investigations are reactive ways to improve workplace safety and health, they are an essential basic element of a safety and health program. This is especially true for a small workplace where there may not be significant injury and illness trend data to review. A careful and thorough analysis will identify conditions and actions that contributed to or led up to any incident. After determining the causal factors, the employer can make corrections to prevent recurrence. The most successful investigations involve various persons working together within the organizational structure. In smaller workplaces, supervisors and employees working at the job in question can provide valuable insight. In larger workplaces, safety and health specialists, specially trained employees and supervisors, members of safety and health committees, engineers, and maintenance personnel are examples of persons who should be involved in evaluating accidents and "near misses." Regardless of the size of the workplace, investigations should be promptly performed and the findings should be accompanied by appropriate corrections and program changes to prevent any future incidents. Program Evaluation The employer needs to periodically evaluate the safety and health program to ensure that it is effective in reducing and preventing workplace injuries and illnesses. The frequency of program evaluation is likely to vary based upon factors such as workplace size and conditions. However, OSHA recommends that employers evaluate their program shortly after implementing controls and at least annually thereafter. The employer should verify that elements, practices, and procedures established under the safety and health program are appropriate to worksite conditions and are in compliance with OSHA requirements and that they are being followed. Where there are significant deficiencies, the program should be modified in a timely manner. Although it is possible that the evaluation process is likely to differ among employers, the evaluation should demonstrate specific considerations:
PART 1917 - MARINE TERMINALS Subpart A -- General Provisions §1917.1 -- Scope and applicability. The regulations of this part apply to employment within a marine terminal as defined in §1917.2, including the loading, unloading, movement, or other handling of cargo, ships' stores, or gear within the terminal or into or out of any land carrier, holding or consolidation area, any other activity within and associated with the overall operation and functions of the terminal, such as the use and routine maintenance of facilities and equipment. All cargo transfer accomplished with the use of shore-based material handling devices shall be regulated by this part. (1) The provisions of this Part 1917 do not apply to the following: (i) Facilities used solely for the bulk storage, handling and transfer of flammable, non-flammable, and combustible liquids and gases. (ii) Facilities subject to the regulations of the Office of Pipeline Safety Regulation of the Materials Transportation Bureau, Department of Transportation, to the extent such regulations apply. (iii) Fully automated bulk coal handling facilities contiguous to electrical power generating plants. (2) Part 1910 of this chapter does not apply to marine terminals except for the following provisions: (i) Abrasive blasting. Subpart G, §1910.94(a) ; (ii) Access to employee exposure and medical records. Subpart Z, §1910.1020; (iii) Commercial diving operations. Subpart T of part 1910; (iv) Electrical. Subpart S of part 1910; (v) Grain handling facilities. Subpart R, §1910.272; (vi) Hazard communication. Subpart Z, §1910.1200; (vii) Ionizing radiation. Subpart Z, §1910.1096; (viii) Noise. Subpart G, §1910.95; (ix) Nonionizing radiation. Subpart G, §1910.97; (x) Respiratory protection. Subpart I, §1910.134; (xi) Safety requirements for scaffolding. Subpart D, §1910.28; (xii) Servicing multi-piece and single piece rim wheels. Subpart N, §1910.177; (xiii) Toxic and hazardous substances. Subpart Z applies to marine cargo handling activities except for the following: (A) When a substance or cargo is contained within a sealed, intact means of packaging or containment complying with Department of Transportation or International Maritime Organization requirements;1 (B) Bloodborne pathogens, §1910.1030; (C) Carbon monoxide, §1910.1000 (See §1917.24(a) ) ; and (D) Hydrogen sulfide, §1910.1000 (See §1917.73(a) (2) ) ; and (xiv) Powered industrial truck operator training, Subpart N, §1910.178(l). (xiv) Powered industrial truck operator training, Subpart N, §1910.178(l). §1917.2 -- Definitions. Apron means that open portion of a marine terminal immediately adjacent to a vessel berth and used in the direct transfer of cargo between the terminal and vessel. Authorized , in reference to an employee's assignment, means selected by the employer for that purpose. Cargo door (transit shed door) means a door designed to permit transfer of cargo to and from a marine terminal structure. Cargo packaging means any method of containment for shipment, including cases, cartons, crates and sacks, but excluding large units such as intermodal containers, vans or similar devices. Confined space means a space having all of the following characteristics: (1) Small size; (2) Severely limited natural ventilation; (3) Capability to accumulate or contain a hazardous atmosphere; v (4) Exits that are not readily accessible; and (5) A design not meant for continuous human occupancy. Examples of confined spaces are intermodal tank containers, bailwater tanks, and portable tanks. Conveyor means a device designed exclusively for transporting bulk materials, packages, or objects in a predetermined path and having fixed or selective points of loading or discharge. Danger zone means any place in or about a machine or piece of equipment where an employee may be struck by or caught between moving parts, caught between moving and stationary objects or parts of the machine, caught between the material and a moving part of the machine, burned by hot surfaces, or exposed to electric shock. Examples of danger zones are nip and shear points, shear lines, drive mechanisms, and areas beneath counterweights. Designated person means a person who possesses specialized abilities in a specific area and is assigned by the employer to perform a specific task in that area. Dock means a wharf or pier forming all or part of a waterfront facility, including marginal or quayside berthing facilities; not to be confused with "loading dock" as at a transit shed or container freight station, or with the body of water between piers or wharves. Dockboards (car and bridge plates) mean devices for spanning short distances between rail cars or highway vehicles and loading platforms that do not expose employees to falls greater than 4 ft. (1.22 meters). Enclosed space means an indoor space other than a confined space, that may contain or accumulate a hazardous atmosphere due to inadequate natural ventilation. Examples of enclosed spaces are trailers, railcars, and storage rooms. Examination , as applied to material handling devices required by this part to be certificated, means a comprehensive survey consisting of the criteria outlined in 29 CFR 1919.71(d) as applicable to the type of gear or device. The examination is supplemented by a unit proof test in the case of a quadrennial survey. Flammable atmosphere means an atmosphere containing more than 10 percent of the lower flammable limit of a flammable or combustible vapor or dust mixed with air. Front-end attachments. (1) As applied to power-operated industrial trucks, means the various devices, such as roll clamps, rotating and side carriages, magnets, rams, crane arms or booms, load stabilizers, scoops, buckets, and dumping bins, attached to the load end for handling lifts as single or multiple units. (2) As applied to cranes, means various attachments applied to the basic machine for the performance of functions such as lifting, clamshell, or magnet services. Fumigant is a substance or mixture of substances, used to kill pests or prevent infestation, which is a gas or is rapidly or progressively transformed to the gaseous state, even though some nongaseous or particulate matter may remain and be dispersed in the treatment space. Hazardous cargo, material, substance or atmosphere means: (1) Any substance listed in 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart Z; (2) Any material in the Hazardous Materials Table and Hazardous Materials Communications Regulations of the Department of Transportation, 49 CFR Part 172; (3) Any article not properly described by a name in the Hazardous Materials Table and Hazardous Materials Communications Regulations of the Department of Transportation, 49 CFR Part 172 but which is properly classified under the definition of those categories of dangerous articles given in 49 CFR 173; or (4) Any atmosphere with an oxygen content of less than, 19.5%. House falls means spans and supporting members, winches, blocks, and standing and running rigging forming part of a marine terminal and used with a vessel's cargo gear to load or unload by means of married falls. Inspection , as applied to material handling devices required by this part to be certificated, means a complete visual examination of all visible parts of the device. Intermodal container means a reusable cargo container of a rigid construction and rectangular configuration; fitted with devices permitting its ready handling, particularly its transfer from one mode of transport to another; so designed to be readily filled and emptied; intended to contain one or more articles of cargo or bulk commodities for transportation by water and one or more other transport modes. The term includes completely enclosed units, open top units, fractional height units, units incorporating liquid or gas tanks and other variations fitting into the container system. It does not include cylinders, drums, crates, cases, cartons, packages, sacks, unitized loads, or any other form of packaging. Loose gear means removable and replaceable components of equipment or devices which may be used with or as a part of assembled material handling units for purposes such as making connections, changing line direction and multiplying mechanical advantage. Examples are shackles and snatch blocks. Marine terminal means wharves, bulkheads, quays, piers, docks, and other berthing locations and adjacent storage or adjacent areas and structures associated with the primary movement of cargo or materials from vessel to shore or shore to vessel including structures which are devoted to receiving, handling, holding, consolidating, and loading or delivery of waterborne shipments or passengers, including areas devoted to the maintenance of the terminal or equipment. The term does not include production or manufacturing areas nor does the term include storage facilities directly associated with those production or manufacturing areas. Ramps mean other flat-surface devices for passage between levels and across openings not covered under Dockboards . §1917.3 -- Incorporation by reference. (a) (1) The standards of agencies of the U.S. Government, and organizations which are not agencies of the U.S. Government which are incorporated by reference in this part, have the same force and effect as other standards in this part. Only the mandatory provisions (i.e. provisions containing the word "shall" or other mandatory language) of standards incorporated by reference are adopted as standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act . (2) Any changes in the standards incorporated by reference in this part and an official historic file of such changes are available for inspection at the national office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) , U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20210. (3) The materials listed in paragraph (b) of this section are incorporated by reference in the corresponding sections noted as they exist on the date of the approval, and a notice of any change in these materials will be published in the Federal Register. These incorporations by reference (IBRs) were approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and in 1 CFR part 51. (4) Copies of the following standards that are issued by the respective private standards organizations may be obtained from the issuing organizations. The materials are available for purchase at the corresponding addresses of the private standards organizations noted in paragraph (b) of this section. In addition, all are available for inspection at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington DC, and through the OSHA Docket Office, Room N2625, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20210, or any of OSHA's regional offices. (b) The following material is available for purchase from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) , 11 West 42nd St., New York, NY 10036: (1) ANSI A14.1-1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders; IBR approved for 1917.119(c). (2) ANSI A14.2-1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders; IBR approved for 1917.119(c). (3) ANSI A14.5-1992, Safety Requirements for Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders; IBR approved for 1917.119(c). (4) ANSI Z-87.1-1989, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, IBR approved for 1917.91(a) (1). (5) ANSI Z-89.1-1986, Personnel Protection-Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers-Requirements; IBR approved for 1917.93(b). (6) ANSI Z-41-1991, American National Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear; IBR approved for 1917.94(b). (7) ASME B56.1, 1959, Safety Code for Powered Industrial Trucks pages 8 and 13; IBR approved for Sec. 1917.50(j) (1). §1917.4 -- OMB Control numbers under the Paperwork Reduction Act. The following list identifies the 29 CFR citations for sections or paragraphs in this part that contain collection of information requirement approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The list also provides the control number assigned by OMB to each approved requirement; control number 1218-0196 expires on May 31, 2002 and control number 1218-0003 expires on July 31, 2001. The list follows:
Subpart B -- Marine Terminal Operations §1917.11 -- Housekeeping. (a) Active work areas shall be kept free of equipment and materials not in use, and clear of debris, projecting nails, strapping, and other sharp objects not necessary for the work in progress. (b) Hatch beams, covers, and pontoons placed in terminal working areas shall be stowed in stable piles with beams secured against tipping of falling. Alternatively, beams may be laid on their sides. When beams and pontoons are stowed in tiers more than one high, dunnage or other suitable material shall be used under and between tiers. (c) Cargo and material shall not obstruct access to vessels, cranes, vehicles, or buildings. Means of access and egress within the buildings shall be similarly unobstructed. (d) Dunnage, lumber, or shoring material in which there are visibly protruding nails shall be removed from the immediate work area or if left in the area, the nails shall be rendered harmless. §1917.12 -- Slippery conditions. The employer shall eliminate, to the extent possible, conditions causing slippery working and walking surfaces in immediate work areas used by employees. §1917.13 -- Slinging. (a) Drafts shall be safely slung before being hoisted. Loose dunnage or debris hanging or protruding from loads shall be removed. (b) Bales of cotton, wool, cork, wood pulp, gunny bags, or similar articles shall be hoisted only by straps strong enough to support the weight of the bale. At least two hooks, each in a separate strap, shall be used. (c) Unitized loads bound by bands or straps may be hoisted by the banding or strapping only if the banding or strapping is suitable for hoisting and is strong enough to support the weight of the load. (d) Additional means of hoisting shall be employed to ensure safe lifting of unitized loads having damaged banding or strapping. (e) Case hooks shall be used only with cases designed to be hoisted by these hooks. (f) Loads requiring continuous manual guidance during handling shall be guided by guide ropes (tag lines) that are long enough to control the load. (g) Intermodal containers shall be handled in accordance with 1917.71(f). (h) The employer shall require employees to stay clear of the area beneath overhead drafts or descending lifting gear. (i) Employees shall not be permitted to ride the hook or the load. §1917.14 -- Stacking of cargo and pallets. Cargo, pallets, and other material stored in tiers shall be stacked in such a manner as to provide stability against sliding and collapse. §1917.15 -- Coopering. Repair and reconditioning of damaged or leaking cargo packaging (coopering) shall be performed so as not to endanger employees. §1917.16 -- Line handling (See also §1917.95(b) ). (a) In order to provide safe access for handling lines while mooring and unmooring vessels, cargo or material shall not be stowed or vehicles placed where they obstruct the work surface to be used. (b) When stringpiece or apron width is insufficient for safe footing, grab lines or rails shall be installed on the sides of permanent structures. ("Stringpiece" means a narrow walkway between the water edge of a berth and a shed or other structure.) §1917.17 -- Railroad facilities. (a) Work shall be performed in railcars only if floors of the railcars are in visibly safe condition for the work activity being conducted and equipment being used. (b) A route shall be established to allow employees to pass to and from places of employment without passing under, over or through railcars, or between cars less than 10 feet (3 m) apart on the same track. (c) The employer shall direct that no employees remain in railcars after work is concluded. (d) Railcars shall be chocked or otherwise prevented from moving: (1) While dockboards or carplates are in position; or (2) While employees are working within, on, or under the railcars or near the tracks at the ends of the cars. (e) When employees are working in, on, or under a railcar, positive means shall be taken to protect them from exposure to impact from moving railcars. (f) Before cars are moved, unsecured and overhanging stakes, wire straps, banding and similar objects shall be removed or placed so as not to create hazards. (g) The employer shall institute all necessary controls during railcar movement to safeguard personnel. If winches or capstans are employed for movement, employees shall stand clear of the hauling rope and shall not stand between the rope and the cars. (h) Before being opened fully, doors shall be opened slightly to ensure that the load has not shifted during transit. Special precautions shall be taken if the doors being opened are visibly damaged. (i) If powered industrial trucks are used to open railcar doors, the trucks or the railcar doors shall be equipped with door opening attachments. Employees shall stand clear of the railcar doors while they are being opened and closed. (j) Only railcar door openers or powered industrial trucks equipped with door opening attachments shall be used to open jammed doors. (k) Employees shall not remain in or on gondolas or flat cars when drafts that create overhead, caught-in, caught-between, or struck by hazards are being landed in or on the railcar; end gates, if raised, shall be secured. (l) Operators of railcar dumps shall have an unrestricted view of dumping operations and shall have emergency means of stopping movement. (m) Recessed railroad switches shall be enclosed to provide a level surface. (n) Warning signs shall be posted where doorways open onto tracks, at blind corners and at similar places where vision may be restricted. (o) Warning signs shall be posted if insufficient clearance for personnel exists between railcars and structures. §1917.18 -- Log handling. (a) The employer shall ensure that structures (bunks) used to contain logs have rounded corners and rounded structural parts to avoid sling damage. (b) Two or more binders or equivalently safe means of containment shall remain on logging trucks and railcars to secure logs during movement of the truck or car within the terminal. During unloading, logs shall be prevented from moving while binders are being removed. (c) Logs shall be hoisted by two slings or by other gear designed for safe hoisting. (d) Logs placed adjacent to vehicle curbs on the dock shall not be more than one tier high unless placed in bunks or so stacked as not to roll or otherwise create a hazard to employees. (e) Before logs are slung up from the dock, they shall be stably supported to prevent spreading and to allow passage of slings beneath the load. When bunks or similar retaining devices are used, no log shall be higher than the stanchions or retaining members of the device. §1917.19 -- Movement of barges and railcars. Barges and railcars shall not be moved by cargo runners (running rigging) from vessel cargo booms, cranes, or other equipment not suitable for the purpose. §1917.20 -- Interference with communications. Cargo handling operations shall not be carried on when noise-producing maintenance, construction, or repair work interferes with the communication of warnings or instructions. §1917.21 -- Open fires. Open fires and fires in drums or similar containers are prohibited. §1917.22 -- Hazardous cargo2 (See §1917.2(p) ). (a) Before cargo handling operations begin, the employer shall ascertain whether any hazardous cargo is to be handled and shall determine the nature of the hazard. The employer shall inform employees of the nature of any hazard and any special precautions to be taken to prevent employee exposure, and shall instruct employees to notify him of any leaks or spills. (b) All hazardous cargo shall be slung and secured so that neither the draft nor individual packages can fall as a result of tipping the draft or slacking of the supporting gear. (c) If hazardous cargo is spilled or if its packaging leaks, employees shall be removed from the affected area until the employer has ascertained the specific hazards, provided any equipment, clothing and ventilation, and fire protection equipment necessary to eliminate or protect against the hazard, and has instructed cleanup employees in a safe method of cleaning up and disposing of a spill and handling and disposing of leaking containers. Actual cleanup or disposal work shall be conducted under the supervision of a designated person. §1917.23 -- Hazardous atmospheres and substances (See also §1917.2 Hazardous cargo, material, substance, or atmosphere). (a) Purpose and scope. This section covers areas in which the employer is aware that a hazardous atmosphere or substance may exist, except where one or more of the following sections apply: §1917.22 Hazardous cargo; §1917.24 Carbon monoxide; §1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous preservatives; §1917.73 Terminal facilities handling menhaden and similar species of fish; §1917.152 Welding, cutting, and heating (hot work) ; and §1917.153 Spray painting. (b) Determination of hazard .(1) When the employer is aware that a room, building, vehicle, railcar, or other space contains or has contained a hazardous atmosphere, a designated and appropriately equipped person shall test the atmosphere before employee entry to determine whether a hazardous atmosphere exists. (2) Records of results of any tests required by this section shall be maintained for at least thirty (30) days. (c) Testing during ventilation. When mechanical ventilation is used to maintain a safe atmosphere, tests shall be made by a designated person to ensure that the atmosphere is not hazardous. (d) Entry into hazardous atmospheres. Only designated persons shall enter hazardous atmospheres, in which case the following shall apply: (1) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be protected by respiratory and emergency protective equipment meeting the requirements of Subpart E of this part; (2) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly equipped and instructed, shall continuously monitor the activity of employees within such space; (3) Except for emergency or rescue operations, employees shall not enter into any atmosphere which has been identified as flammable or oxygen deficient (less than 19.5% oxygen). Persons who may be required to enter flammable or oxygen deficient atmospheres in emergency operations shall be instructed in the dangers attendant to those atmospheres and instructed in the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, which shall be utilized. (4) To prevent inadvertent employee entry into spaces that have been identified as having hazardous, flammable or oxygen deficient atmospheres, appropriate warning signs or equivalent means shall be posted at all means of access to those spaces. (e) When the packaging of asbestos cargo leaks, spillage shall be cleaned up by designated employees protected from the harmful effects of asbestos as required by §1910.1001 of this chapter. §1917.24 -- Carbon monoxide. (a) Exposure limits. The carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere in a room, building, vehicle, railcar, or any enclosed space shall be maintained at not more than 50 parts per million (ppm) (0.005%) as an 8-hour average area level and employees shall be removed from the enclosed space if the carbon monoxide concentration exceeds a ceiling of 100 ppm (0.01%). (b) Testing. Tests to determine carbon monoxide concentration shall be made when necessary to ensure that employee exposure does not exceed the limits specified in paragraph (a) of this section. (c) Instrumentation. Tests for carbon monoxide concentration shall be made by designated persons using gas detector tube units certified by NIOSH under 30 CFR Part 11 or other measuring instruments whose accuracy is as great or greater. (d) Records. A record of the date, time, location, and results of carbon monoxide tests shall be available for at least thirty (30) days. §1917.25 -- Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides, and hazardous preservatives (See also §1917.2, Hazardous cargo, material, substance or atmosphere). (a) At any time that the concentration in any space reaches the level specified as hazardous by the fumigant manufacturer or by Table Z-1 of 29 CFR 1910.1000, whichever is lower, all employees shall be removed from the space and shall not be permitted to reenter until such time as tests demonstrate that the atmosphere is safe. (b) Tests to determine the atmospheric concentration of chemicals used to treat cargo shall be: (1) Appropriate for the hazard involved; (2) Conducted by designated persons; and (3) Performed at the intervals necessary to ensure that employee exposure does not exceed the permissible exposure limit for the chemical involved. (c) Results of any tests shall be available for at least 30 days. Such records may be entered on any retrievable medium and shall be available for inspection. (d) Chemicals shall only be applied to cargoes by designated persons. (e) Only designated persons shall enter hazardous atmospheres, in which case the following provisions apply: (1) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be protected by respiratory and emergency protective equipment meeting the requirements of Subpart E of this part; and (2) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly equipped and instructed, shall continuously monitor the activity of employees within such a space. (f) Signs shall be clearly posted where fumigants, pesticides, or hazardous preservatives have created a hazardous atmosphere. These signs shall note the danger, identify specific chemical hazards, and give appropriate information and precautions including instructions for the emergency treatment of employees affected by any chemical in use. (g) In the case of containerized shipments of fumigated tobacco, the contents of the container shall be aerated by opening the container doors for a period of 48 hours after the completion of fumigation and prior to loading. When tobacco is within shipping cases having polyethylene or similar bag liners, the aeration period shall be 72 hours. The employer shall obtain a written warranty from the fumigation facility stating that the appropriate aeration period has been met. §1917.26 -- First aid and life saving facilities. (a) Employers shall instruct employees to report every injury, regardless of severity, to the employer. (b) A first aid kit shall be available at the terminal, and at least one person holding a valid first aid certificate shall be at the terminal when work is in progress. (c) First aid kit. First aid kits shall be weatherproof and shall contain individual sealed packages for each item that must be kept sterile. The contents of each kit shall be determined by a person certified in first aid and cognizant of the hazards found in marine cargo handling operations. The contents shall be checked at intervals that allow prompt replacement of expended items. (d) Stretchers. (1) There shall be available for each vessel being worked one Stokes basket stretcher, or its equivalent, permanently equipped with bridles for attaching to the hoisting gear. (2) Stretchers shall be kept close to vessels and shall be positioned to avoid damage to the stretcher. (3) A blanket or other suitable covering shall be available. (4) Stretchers shall have at least four sets of effective patient restraints in operable condition. (5) Lifting bridles shall be of adequate strength, capable of lifting 1,000 pounds (454 kg) with a safety factor of five, and shall be maintained in operable condition. Lifting bridles shall be provided for making vertical patient lifts at container berths. Stretchers for vertical lifts shall have foot plates. (6) Stretchers shall be maintained in operable condition. Struts and braces shall be inspected for damage. Wire mesh shall be secured and have no burrs. Damaged stretchers shall not be used until repaired. (7) Stretchers in permanent locations shall be mounted to prevent damage and shall be protected from the elements if located out-ofdoors. If concealed from view, closures shall be marked to indicate the location of the life saving equipment. (e) Telephone or equivalent means of communication shall be readily available. (f) A U.S. Coast Guard approved 30-inch (76.2 cm) life ring, with at least 90 feet (27.43 m) of line attached, shall be available at readily accessible points at each waterside work area where the employees' work exposes them to the hazard of drowning. Employees working on any bridge or structure leading to a detached vessel berthing installation shall wear U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation devices except where protected by railings, nets, or safety belts and lifelines. A readily available portable or permanent ladder giving access to the water shall also be provided within 200 feet (61 m) of such work areas. §1917.27 -- Personnel. (a) Qualifications of machinery operators. (1) Only those employees determined by the employer to be competent by reason of training or experience, and who understand the signs, notices, and operating instructions and are familiar with the signal code in use shall be permitted to operate a crane, winch, or other power operated cargo handling apparatus, or any power operated vehicle, or give signals to the operator of any hoisting apparatus. EXCEPTION: Employees being trained and supervised by a designated person may operate such machinery and give signals to operators during training. (2) No employee known to have defective uncorrected eyesight or hearing, or to be suffering from heart disease, epilepsy, or similar ailments that may suddenly incapacitate the employee, shall be permitted to operate a crane, winch or other power-operated cargo handling apparatus or a power-operated vehicle. NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a) (2) : OSHA is defining suddenly incapacitating medical ailments consistent with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) , 42 U.S.C. 12101 (1990). Therefore, employers who act in accordance with the employment provisions (Title I) of the ADA (42 U.S.C. 12111-12117) , the regulations implementing Title I (29 CFR part 1630) , and the Technical Assistance Manual for Title I issued by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Publication number: EEOC -- M1A) , will be considered as being in compliance with this paragraph. (b) Supervisory accident prevention proficiency. (1) After October 3, 1985 immediate supervisors of cargo-handling operations of more than five persons, shall satisfactorily complete a course in accident prevention. Employees newly assigned to supervisory duties after that date shall be required to meet the provisions of this paragraph within 90 days of such assignment. (2) The course shall consist of instruction suited to the particular operations involved.3 §1917.28 -- Hazard communication (See also §1917.1(a) (2) (vi) ). §1917.29 -- Retention of DOT markings, placards, and labels. (a) Any employer who receives a package of hazardous material which is required to be marked, labeled, or placarded in accordance with the U. S. Department of Transportation's Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR Parts 171 through 180) shall retain those markings, labels and placards on the package until the packaging is sufficiently cleaned of residue and purged of vapors to remove any potential hazards. (b) Any employer who receives a freight container, rail freight car, motor vehicle, or transport vehicle that is required to be marked or placarded in accordance with the Hazardous Materials Regulations shall retain those markings and placards on the freight container, rail freight car, motor vehicle, or transport vehicle until the hazardous materials which require the marking or placarding are sufficiently removed to prevent any potential hazards. (c) Markings, placards and labels shall be maintained in a manner that ensures that they are readily visible. (d) For non-bulk packages which will not be reshipped, the provisions of this section are met if a label or other acceptable marking is affixed in accordance with the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). (e) For the purposes of this section, the term "hazardous material" and any other terms not defined in this section have the same definition as in the Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR Parts 171 through 180). §1917.30 -- Emergency action plans. (a) Emergency action plans. (1) Scope and application. This paragraph (a) requires all employers to develop and implement an emergency action plan3a. The emergency action plan shall be in writing (except as provided in the last sentence of paragraph (a) (5) (iv) of this section) and shall cover those designated actions employers and employees must take to ensure employee safety from fire and other emergencies. (2) Elements. The following elements, at a minimum, shall be included in the plan: (i) Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route assignments; (ii) Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate; (iii) Procedures to account for all employees after emergency evacuation has been completed; (iv) Rescue and medical duties for those employees who are to perform them; (v) The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies; and (vi) Names or regular job titles of persons or departments that can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan. (3) Alarm system. The employer shall establish an employee alarm system that provides warning for necessary emergency action and for reaction time for safe escape of employees from the workplace or the immediate work area. 3a When an employer directs his employees to respond to an emergency that is beyond the scope of the Emergency Action Plan developed in accordance with this section then §1910.120(q) shall apply. (4) Evacuation. The employer shall establish the types of evacuation to be used in emergency circumstances. (5) Training. (i) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly emergency evacuation of employees. (ii) The employer shall review the plan with each employee covered by the plan at the following times: (A) Initially when the plan is developed; (B) Whenever the employee's responsibilities or designated actions under the plan change; and, (C) Whenever the plan is changed. (iii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the plan that the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace and be made available for employee review. (iv) Employers with 10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan orally to employees and need not maintain a written plan. Subpart C -- Cargo Handling Gear and Equipment §1917.41 -- House falls. (a) Span beams shall be secured to prevent accidental dislodgment. (b) A safe means of access shall be provided for employees working with house fall blocks. (c) Designated employees shall inspect chains, links, shackles, swivels, blocks, and other loose gear used in house fall operations before each day's use. Defective gear shall not be used. §1917.42 -- Miscellaneous auxiliary gear. (a) Routine inspection. (1) At the completion of each use, loose gear such as slings, chains, bridles, blocks, and hooks shall be so placed as to avoid damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be inspected and any defects corrected before reuse. (2) All loose gear shall be inspected by the employer or his authorized representative before each use and, when necessary, at intervals during its use, to ensure that it is safe. Any gear which is found upon such inspection to be visibly unsafe shall not be used until it is made safe. (3) Defective gear shall not be used. Distorted hooks, shackles, or similar gear shall be discarded. (b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1) The employer shall ascertain and adhere to the manufacturer's recommended ratings for wire rope and wire rope slings and shall have such ratings available for inspection. When the manufacturer is unable to supply such ratings, the employer shall use the tables for wire rope and wire rope slings found in American National Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI B30.9-1971. A design safety factor of at least five shall be maintained for the common sizes of running wire used as falls, in purchases, or in such uses as light load slings. Wire rope with a safety factor of less than five may be used only: (i) In specialized equipment, such as but not limited to cranes, designed to be used with lesser wire rope safety factors; (ii) In accordance with design factors standing rigging applications; or (iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes for which a safety factor of five is impracticable and for which the employer can demonstrate that equivalent safety is ensured. (2) Wire rope or wire rope slings having any of the following conditions shall not be used: (i) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or three or more broken wires in one strand in one rope lay; (ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or other damage resulting in distortion of the wire rope structure; (iii) Evidence of heat damage; (iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, deformation or other defect in the wire or attachments, including cracks in attachments; (v) Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments; or (vi) More than one broken wire in the close vicinity of a socket or swaged fitting. (3) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles shall be covered or blunted. Coverings shall be removable so that splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends shall not damage the wire. (4) Where wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommendations, which shall be made available for inspection. If "U" bolt clips are used and the manufacturer's recommendations are not available, Table C-1 shall be used to determine the number and spacing of the clips. "U" bolts shall be applied with the "U" section in contact with the dead end of the rope. TABLE C-1 - NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLT WIRE ROPE CLIPS
(5) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots. (6) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, bull wires, or in single parts used for hoisting shall not be formed by wire rope clips or knots. (7) Eye splices in wire ropes shall have at least three tucks with a whole strand of the rope and two tucks with one-half of the wire cut from each strand. Other forms of splices or connections which are shown to be equivalently safe may be used. (8) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in bulling cargo, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice. (c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The employer shall ascertain the manufacturers' ratings for the specific natural fiber rope used and have such ratings available for inspection. The manufacturers' ratings shall be adhered to and a minimum design safety factor of five maintained. (2) Eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks. Short splices consist of at least six full tucks, three on each side of the center line. (d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturers' ratings and use recommendations for the specific synthetic fiber rope used and shall make such ratings available for inspection. (2) (i) Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer, when synthetic fiber ropes are substituted for fiber ropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm) in circumference, the substitute shall be of equal size. Where substituted for fiber rope of three inches (7.62 cm) or more in circumference, the size of the synthetic rope shall be determined from the formula. C = ± 0.6C28+0.4Cm2 Where C = the required circumference of the synthetic rope in inches, Cs = the circumference to the nearest one-quarter inch of a synthetic rope having a breaking strength not less than that of the size fiber rope that is required by paragraph (c) of this section, and Cm = the circumference of the fiber rope in inches that is required by paragraph (c) of this section. (ii) In making such substitution, it shall be ascertained that the inherent characteristics of the synthetic fiber are suitable for hoisting. (e) Removal of natural and synthetic fiber from service. Natural and synthetic rope having any of the following defects shall be removed from service: (1) Abnormal wear; (2) Powdered fiber between strands; (3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to affect the capability of the rope; (4) Variations in the size or roundness of strands; (5) Discolorations other than stains not associated with rope damage; (6) Rotting; or (7) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware. (f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles shall be used where any rope is secured permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment, where practicable. (g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings and nets or other combinations of more than one piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a single unit (synthetic web slings) shall not be used to hoist loads in excess of the sling's rated capacity. (2) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they exhibit any of the following defects: (i) Acid or caustic burns; (ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface; (iii) Snags, punctures, tears, or cuts; (iv) Broken or worn stitches; or (v) Distortion or damage to fittings. (vi) Display of visible warning threads or markers designed to indicate excessive wear or damage. (3) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall not be returned to service unless repaired by a sling manufacturer or similar entity. Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the repairer to twice the slings' rated capacity prior to its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and make it available for examination. (4) Synthetic web slings provided by the employer shall only be used in accordance with the manufacturer's use recommendations, which shall be available. (5) Fittings shall have a breaking strength at least equal to that of the sling to which they are attached and shall be free of sharp edges. (h) Chains and chain slings used for hoisting. (1) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommended ratings for safe working loads for the sizes of wrought iron and alloy steel chains and chain slings used and shall have such ratings available. When the manufacturer is unable to provide such ratings, the employer shall use the tables for chains and chain slings found in American National Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI 30.9-1971. (2) Proof coil steel chain, also known as common or hardware chain, and other chain not recommended by the manufacturer for slinging or hoisting shall not be used for slinging or hoisting. (3) (i) Sling chains, including end fastenings shall be inspected for visible defects before each day's use and as often as necessary during use to ensure integrity of the sling. (ii) Thorough inspections of chains in use shall be made quarterly to detect wear, defective welds, deformation, or increase in length or stretch. The month of inspection shall be indicated on each chain by color of paint on a link or by other equally effective means. (iii) Chains shall be removed from service when maximum allowable wear, as indicated in Table C-2, is reached at any point of link. (iv) Chain slings shall be removed from service when stretch has increased the length of a measured section by more than five percent; when a link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged; or when a link has a raised scarf or defective weld. TABLE C-2 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT ANY POINT OF LINK
(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for slinging and hoisting. (4) Chains shall be repaired only under qualified supervision. Links or portions of chain defective under any of the criteria of paragraph (h) (3) (iii) of this section shall be replaced with properly dimensioned links or connections of material similar to those of the original chain. Before repaired chains are returned to service, they shall be tested to the proof load recommended by the manufacturer for the original chain. Tests shall be performed by the manufacturer or shall be certified by an agency accredited for the purpose under part 1919 of this chapter. Test certificates shall be available for inspection. (5) Wrought iron chains in constant use shall be annealed or normalized at intervals not exceeding six months. Heat treatment certificates shall be available for inspection. Alloy chains shall not be annealed. (6) Kinked or knotted chains shall not be used for lifting. Chains shall not be shortened by bolting, wiring, or knotting. Makeshift links or fasteners such as wire, bolts, or rods shall not be used. (7) Hooks, rings, links, and attachments affixed to sling chains shall have rated capacities at least equal to that of the chains to which they are attached. (8) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade, and rated capacity. (i) Shackles. (1) If available, the manufacturer's recommended safe working loads for shackles shall not be exceeded. In the absence of manufacturer's recommendations, Table C-3 shall apply. (2) Screw pin shackles used aloft in house fall or other gear, except in cargo hook assemblies, shall have their pins moused or otherwise effectively secured. TABLE C-3 - SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR SHACKLES
(j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1) The manufacturers' recommended safe working loads for hooks shall not be exceeded. Hooks other than hand hooks shall be tested in accordance with §1917.50(c) (6). (2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be discarded. (3) Teeth of case hooks shall be maintained in safe condition. (4) Jaws of patent clamp-type plate hooks shall be maintained in safe condition to grip plates securely. (5) Loads shall be applied to the throat of the hook only. (k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be made and maintained to safely support and carry loads being handled. Fastenings of reusable pallets used for hoisting shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws (helically threaded nails) , annular threaded nails, or fastenings of equivalent holding strength. (2) Damaged pallets shall be stored in designated areas and identified. (3) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets shall be hoisted by bar bridles or other suitable gear and shall have an overhanging wing or lip of at least three inches (7.62 cm). They shall not be hoisted by wire slings alone. (4) Loaded pallets that do not meet the requirements of this paragraph shall be hoisted only after being placed on pallets meeting such requirements or shall be handled by other means providing equivalent safety. (5) Bridles for handling flush end or box-type pallets shall be designed to prevent disengagement from the pallet under load. (6) Pallets shall be stacked or placed to prevent falling, collapsing, or otherwise causing a hazard under standard operating conditions. (7) Disposable pallets intended only for one use shall not be reused for hoisting. §1917.43 -- Powered industrial trucks. (a) Applicability. This section applies to every type of powered industrial truck used for material or equipment handling within a marine terminal. It does not apply to over-the-road vehicles. (b) General. (1) After October 3, 1983, modifications, such as adding counterweights, that might affect the vehicle's capacity or safety shall not be performed without either the manufacturer's prior written approval or the written approval of a professional engineer experienced with the equipment who has consulted with the manufacturer, if available. Capacity, operation and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals shall be changed to conform to the equipment as modified. (2) Unauthorized personnel shall not ride on powered industrial trucks. A safe place to ride shall be provided when riding is authorized. (3) When a powered industrial truck is left unattended, load-engaging means shall be fully lowered, controls neutralized and brakes set. Unless the truck is in view and within 25 feet (7.62 m) of the operator, power shall be shut off. Wheels shall be blocked or curbed if the truck is on an incline. (4) Powered industrial trucks shall not be operated inside highway vehicles or railcars having damage which could affect operational safety. (5) Powered industrial trucks shall be marked with their rated capacities, which shall be visible to the operator. (6) Only stable and safely arranged loads within the rated capacity of the truck shall be handled. (7) The employer shall direct drivers to ascend and descend grades slowly. (8) The employer shall direct drivers to slow down and sound the horn at crossaisles and other locations where visibility is obstructed. (9) If the load obstructs the forward view, the employer shall direct drivers to travel with the load trailing. (10) Steering knobs shall not be used unless the truck is equipped with power steering. (11) When powered industrial trucks use cargo lifting devices that have a means of engagement hidden from the operator, a means shall be provided to enable the operator to determine that the cargo has been engaged. (12) When cargo is being towed on pipe trucks or similar equipment, a safe means shall be provided to protect the driver from sliding loads. (c) Maintenance. (1) Only designated persons shall perform maintenance and repair. (2) Batteries on all powered trucks shall be disconnected during repairs to the primary electrical system unless power is necessary for testing and repair. On trucks equipped with systems capable of storing residual energy, that energy shall be safely discharged before work on the primary electrical system begins. (3) Replacement parts whose function might affect operational safety shall be equivalent in strength and performance capability to the original parts which they replace. (4) Braking systems or other mechanisms used for braking shall be operable and in safe condition. (5) Powered industrial trucks shall be maintained in safe working order. Safety devices shall not be removed or made inoperative except as otherwise provided in this section. Trucks with a fuel system leak or any other safety defect shall not be operated. (6) Those repairs to the fuel and ignition systems of industrial trucks that involve fire hazards shall be conducted only in locations designated as safe for such repairs. (d) Approved trucks (1) Approved power-operated industrial truck means one listed or approved for the intended use by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. (2) Approved trucks acquired and used after February 15, 1972, shall bear a label or other identification indicating testing laboratory approval. (3) When the atmosphere in an area is hazardous and the provisions of United States Coast Guard regulations at 33 CFR 126.15(e) do not apply, only power-operated industrial trucks approved for such locations shall be used. (e) Fork lift trucks. (1) Overhead guards. (i) When operators are exposed to overhead falling hazards, fork lift trucks shall be equipped with securely attached overhead guards. Guards shall be constructed to protect the operator from falling boxes, cartons, packages, or similar objects. (ii) Overhead guards shall not obstruct the operator's view, and openings in the top of the guard shall not exceed six inches (15.24 cm) in one of the two directions, width or length. Larger openings are permitted if no opening allows the smallest unit of cargo being handled to fall through the guard. (iii) Overhead guards shall be built so that failure of the vehicle's mast tilting mechanism will not displace the guard. (iv) An overhead guard, otherwise required by this paragraph, may be removed only when it would prevent a truck from entering a work space and if the operator is not exposed to low overhead obstructions in the work space. (v) Overhead guards shall be large enough to extend over the operator during all truck operations, including forward tilt. (2) Load backrest extensions. Where necessary to protect the operator, fork lift trucks shall be fitted with a vertical load backrest extension to prevent the load from hitting the mast when the mast is positioned at maximum backward tilt. For this purpose, a "load backrest extension" means a device extending vertically from the fork carriage frame to prevent raised loads from falling backward. (3) Forks. Forks, fork extensions, and other attachments shall be secured so that they cannot be accidentally dislodged, and shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. (4) Counterweights. Counterweights shall be so affixed that they cannot be accidentally dislodged. (5) Capacities and weights .(i) Forklift truck rated capacities, with and without removable counterweights, shall not be exceeded. Rated capacities shall be marked on the vehicle and shall be visible to the operator. The vehicle weight, with and without counterweight, shall be similarly marked. (ii) If loads are lifted by two or more trucks working in unison, the total weight of the load shall not exceed the combined rated lifting capacity of all trucks involved. (6) Lifting of employees. Employees may be elevated by fork lift trucks only when a platform is secured to the lifting carriage or forks. The platform shall meet the following requirements: (i) The platform shall have a railing complying with §1917.112(c). (ii) The platform shall have toeboards complying with §1917.112(d) if tools or other objects could fall on employees below. (iii) An employee shall be at the truck's controls whenever employees are elevated. (iv) Employees on the platform shall be protected from exposure to moving truck parts. (v) The platform floor shall be skid resistant. (vi) When the truck has controls elevated with the lifting carriage, means shall be provided for employees on the platform to shut off power to the vehicle. (vii) While employees are elevated, the truck may be moved only to make minor placement adjustments. (f) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles .(1) Where a seated operator may come into contact with projecting overheads, crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehicles that are rider operated shall be equipped with operator's guards. (2) Guards and their attachment points shall be so designed as to be able to withstand, without excessive deflection, a load applied horizontally at the operator's shoulder level equal to the drawbar pull of the machine. (3) After July 26, 1999 bulk cargo-moving vehicles shall be equipped with rollover protection of such design and construction as to prevent the possibility of the operator being crushed because of a rollover or upset. (g) Straddle trucks .(1) Accessibility. Straddle trucks shall have a permanent means of access to the operator's station, including any handholds necessary for safe ascent and descent. (2) Guarding. (i) Main sprockets and chains to the wheels shall be guarded as follows: (A) The upper sprocket shall be enclosed; (B) The upper half of the lower sprocket shall be enclosed; and (C) The drive chain shall be enclosed to a height of eight feet (2.44 m) except for that portion at the lower half of the lower sprocket. (ii) Gears shall be enclosed and revolving parts which may be contacted by the operator shall be guarded. (iii) When straddle trucks are used in the vicinity of employees, personnel-deflecting guards shall be provided around leading edges of front and rear wheels. (3) Visibility. Operator visibility shall be provided in all directions of movement. (h) Trailer-spotting tractors. (1) Trailer-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shall be fitted with any hand grabs and footing necessary for safe access to the fifth wheel. (2) Rear cab windows shall be of safety glass or of equivalent material. §1917.44 -- General rules applicable to vehicles4. (a) The requirements of this section apply to general vehicle use within marine terminals. Exception : The provisions of paragraphs (c) and (l) of this section do not apply when preempted by applicable regulations of the Department of Transportation.5 (b) Private vehicle parking in marine terminals shall be allowed only in designated areas. (c) Trailers shall not be disconnected from tractors at loading docks until the road wheels have been immobilized. The road wheels shall be immobilized from the time the brake system is disconnected until braking is again provided. Supplementary front end support shall be employed as necessary to prevent tipping when a trailer is entered by a material handling vehicle. Rear end support shall be employed if rear wheels are so far forward as to allow tipping when the trailer is entered. (d) The employer shall direct motor vehicle operators to comply with any posted speed limits and other traffic control signs or signals, and written traffic instructions. (e) Stop signs shall be posted at main entrances and exits of structures where visibility is impaired, and at blind intersections, unless direct traffic control or warning mirror systems or other systems of equivalent safety are provided. (f) Vehicular routes, traffic rules, and parking areas shall be established, identified, and used. (g) The employer shall direct vehicle drivers to warn employees in traffic lanes of the vehicle's approach. (h) Signs indicating pedestrian traffic shall be clearly posted at vehicular check-in and check-out lines and similar locations where employees may be working. (i) A distance of not less than 20 feet (6.1 m) shall be maintained between the first two vehicles in a check-in, check-out, roadability, or vessel loading/discharging line. This distance shall be maintained between any subsequent vehicles behind which employees are required to work. (j) No unattended vehicle shall be left with its engine running unless secured against movement (see §1917.43(b) (3) for powered industrial trucks). (k) When the rear of a vehicle is elevated to facilitate loading or discharging, a ramp shall be provided and secured. The vehicle shall be secured against accidental movement during loading or discharging. (l) Only highway vehicle floors in safe condition shall be used. (m) When flatbed trucks, platform containers, or similar conveyances are loaded or discharged and the cargo consists of pipe or other products which could spread or roll to endanger employees, the cargo shall be contained to prevent movement. (n) Vehicles used to transport employees within a terminal shall be maintained in safe working order and safety devices shall not be removed or made inoperative. (o) Servicing multi-piece and single piece rim wheels. Servicing of multi-piece and single piece rim wheels is covered by §1910.177 of this chapter (See §1917.1(a) (2) (xii) ). (1) Scope. This paragraph applies to the servicing of vehicle wheels containing tube-type tires mounted on multi-piece rims. (2) Definition. "Multi-piece rim" means a vehicle wheel rim consisting of two or more parts, one of which is a (side) locking ring designed to hold the tire on the rim by tension on interlocking components when the tire is inflated, regardless of the relative sizes of the component parts. (3) Employee training. (i) Only employees trained in the procedures required in paragraph (o) (4) of this section and who have demonstrated their ability to service multi-piece rim wheels shall be assigned such duties. (ii) Employees assigned such duties shall have demonstrated their ability by the safe performance of the following tasks: (A) Tire demounting (including deflation) ; (B) Inspection of wheel components; (C) Mounting of tires; (D) Inflation of tires, including use of a restraining device; (E) Handling of wheels; (F) Inflation of tires when a wheel is mounted on the vehicle; and (G) Installation and removal of wheels. (4) Servicing procedures. The following procedures shall be followed: (i) Tires shall be completely deflated before demounting by removal of the valve core; (ii) The valve core shall be removed before the wheel is removed from the axle when: (A) The tire has been operated underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or (B) There is discernible or suspected damage to the tire or wheel components; (iii) Mating surfaces shall be free of dirt, surface rust, scale, and rubber buildup before mounting; (iv) Rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and rim mating surfaces upon wheel assembly and inflation of the tire; (v) Air pressure shall not exceed 3 psig (0.21 kg/cm2) when seating the locking ring or rounding out the tube when a tire is being partially inflated without a restraining device; (vi) While the tire is pressurized, components shall not be struck or forced to correct the seating of side or lock rings; (vii) There shall not be any contact between an employee or unit of equipment and a restraining device during tire inflation; (viii) After inflation, tires, rims, and rings shall be inspected while within the restraining device to ensure seating and locking. If adjustment is necessary the tire shall first be deflated by valve core removal; and (ix) Before assembly, wheel components shall be inspected and damaged rim components shall not be reused. (5) Charts and manuals. (i) The employer shall provide a chart containing as a minimum the instructions and information provided in the United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) publication "Safety Precautions for Mounting and Demounting Tube-Type Truck/Bus Tires" and "Multi-Piece Rim Wheel Matching Chart," and pertinent to the type(s) of multi-piece rim wheels being serviced. The chart shall be available in the terminal's service area.6 (ii) A current rim manual containing the manufacturer's instructions for mounting, demounting, maintenance, and safety precautions relating to the multi-piece rim wheels being serviced shall be available in the terminal's service area. (6) Restraining devices. (i) Except as otherwise noted, inflation shall be done within a restraining device such as a cage, rack or other device capable of withstanding the maximum force that would be transferred to it during an explosive wheel separation occurring at 150% of maximum tire specification pressure for the wheels being serviced. The restraining device shall be capable of preventing rim components from being thrown outside the frame of the device for any wheel position within the device. When the wheel assembly is mounted on a vehicle, tires may be inflated without a restraining device only if they have more than 80% of the recommended pressure and if remote control inflation equipment is used and employees are clear of the danger area. (ii) Restraining devices shall be kept in good repair and be capable of preventing rim components from being thrown outside the device. (7) Inflation hoses. Inflation hoses shall have a manual clip-on chuck with sufficient hose to permit an employee to be clear of the danger zone. An in-line, manually operated valve with gauge or a preset pressure regulator shall be used to inflate tires. (8) Other equipment. (i) Only tools recommended in the rim manual for the type of wheel being serviced shall be used to service multi-piece rim wheels. (ii) Wheel components shall not be interchanged except as provided in the applicable chart or manual. §1917.45 -- Cranes and derricks (See also §1917.50). (a) Coverage. (1) This section applies to every kind of crane and derrick and to any other type of equipment performing the functions of a crane or derrick except as noted in paragraph (a) (2) of this section. (2) This section does not apply to small industrial truck-type cranes, container handling top-loaders and sideloaders, chain hoists, and mobile straddle-type cranes incapable of straddling two or more intermodal containers (16 feet, (4.88 m) in width.) (b) Ratings. (1) Except for bridge cranes covered by paragraph (g) of this section, cranes and derricks having ratings that vary with boom length, radius (outreach) , or other variables shall have a durable rating chart visible to the operator, covering the complete range of the manufacturer's (or design) capacity ratings. The rating chart shall include all operating radii (outreach) for all permissible boom lengths and jib lengths as applicable, with and without outriggers, and alternate ratings for optional equipment affecting such ratings. Precautions or warnings specified by the owner or manufacturer shall be included along with the chart. (2) The manufacturer's (or design) rated loads for the conditions of use shall not be exceeded. (3) Designated working loads shall not be increased beyond the manufacturer's ratings or original design limitations unless such increase receives the manufacturer's approval. When the manufacturer's services are not available or where the equipment is of foreign manufacture, engineering design analysis shall be performed or approved by a person accredited for certificating the equipment under Part 1919 of this chapter. Engineering design analysis shall be performed by a registered professional engineer competent in the field of cranes and derricks. Any structural changes necessitated by the change in rating shall be carried out. (c) Radius indicator. When the rated load varies with the boom radius, the crane or derrick shall be fitted with a boom angle or radius indicator visible to the operator. (d) Prohibited usage. (1) Equipment shall not be used in a manner that exerts sideloading stresses upon the crane or derrick boom. (2) No crane or derrick having a visible or known defect that affects safe operation shall be used. (e) Protective devices. (1) When exposed moving parts such as gears, chains, and chain sprockets present a hazard to employees during crane and derrick operations, those parts shall be securely guarded. (2) Crane hooks shall be latched or otherwise secured to prevent accidental load disengagement. (f) General. (1) Operating controls. (i) Crane and derrick operating controls shall be clearly marked, or a chart indicating their function shall be posted at the operator's position. (ii) After October 3, 1984, overhead bridge and container gantry crane operating control levers shall be self-centering so that they will automatically move to the "off" position when the operator releases the control. (2) Booms. Cranes with elevatable booms and without operable automatic limiting devices shall be provided with boom stops if boom elevation can exceed maximum design angles from the horizontal. (3) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall have a non-skid surface. (4) Access. Ladders, stairways, stanchions, grab irons, foot steps, or equivalent means shall be provided as necessary to ensure safe access to footwalks, cab platforms, the cab, and any portion of the superstructure which employees must reach. (i) Footwalks shall be of rigid construction and shall be capable of supporting a load of 100 pounds (4.79 kPa) per square foot. (ii) If more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in height, vertical ladders shall comply with §1917.118 (d) , (e) (1) , (e) (2) (iii) , and (e) (2) (iv). (iii) Stairways on cranes shall be equipped with rigid handrails meeting the requirements of §1917.112(e). (iv) If the top of a ladder or stairway or any position thereof is located where a moving part of a crane, such as a revolving house, could strike an employee ascending or descending the ladder or stairway, a prominent warning sign shall be posted at the foot of the ladder or stairway. A system of communication (such as a buzzer or bell) shall be established and maintained between the foot of the ladder or stairway and the operator's cab. (5) Operator's station. (i) The cab, controls and mechanism of the equipment shall be so arranged that the operator has a clear view of the load or signalman, when one is used. Cab glass, when used, shall be safety plate glass or equivalent. Cranes with missing, broken, cracked, scratched, or dirty glass (or equivalent) that impairs operator visibility shall not be used. Clothing, tools and equipment shall be stored so as not to interfere with access, operation, and the operator's view. (ii) A seat (lap) belt, meeting the requirements of 49 CFR 571.208210 for a Type 1 seat belt assembly, shall be installed on the operator's seat of high speed container gantry cranes where the seat trolleys. (6) Counterweights or ballast. Cranes shall be operated only with the specified type and amount of ballast or counterweights. Ballast or counterweight shall be located and secured only as provided in the manufacturer's or design specifications, which shall be available. (7) Outriggers. Outriggers shall be used according to the manufacturers' specifications or design data, which shall be available. Floats, when used, shall be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood blocks or other support shall be of sufficient size to support the outrigger, free of defects that may affect safety, and be of sufficient width and length to prevent the crane from shifting or toppling under load. (8) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaust gases shall be discharged away from the normal position of crane operating personnel. (9) Electrical equipment shall be so located or enclosed that live parts will not be exposed to accidental contact. Designated persons may work on energized equipment only if necessary during inspection, maintenance, or repair. (10) Fire extinguisher. (i) At least one portable fire extinguisher of at least 5 - BC rating or equivalent shall be accessible in the cab of the crane or derrick. (ii) No portable fire extinguisher using carbon tetrachloride or chlorobromomethane extinguishing agents shall be used. (11) Rope on drums. At least three full turns of rope shall remain on ungrooved drums, and two turns on grooved drums, under all operating conditions. Wire rope shall be secured to drums by clamps, U-bolts, shackles, or equivalent means. Fiber rope fastenings are prohibited. (12) Assembly or disassembly of boom sections. Mobile crane booms being assembled or disassembled on the ground with or without the support of the boom harness shall be blocked to prevent dropping of the boom or boom sections. (13) Brakes. (i) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane shall be equipped with at least one holding brake, applied directly to the motor shaft or gear train. (ii) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane, except worm geared hoists, the angle of whose worm is such as to prevent the load from accelerating in the lowering direction, shall, in addition to a holding brake, be equipped with a controlled braking means to control lowering speeds. (iii) Holding brakes for hoist units shall have not less than the following percentage of the rated load hoisting torque at the point where the brake is applied: (A) 125 percent when used with an other than mechanically controlled braking means; or (B) 100 percent when used with a mechanically-controlled braking means. (C) 100 percent when two holding brakes are provided. (iv) All power control braking means shall be capable of maintaining safe lowering speeds of rated loads. (g) Rail-mounted cranes (excluding locomotive types). (1) For the purposes of this section, rail-mounted cranes include bridge cranes and portal cranes. (2) Rated load marking. The rated loads of bridge cranes shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane and in the cab. If there is more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on it or on its load block. Markings shall be legible from the ground level. (3) Wind-indicating devices. (i) After October 3, 1983, each rail-mounted bridge and portal crane located outside of an enclosed structure shall be fitted with an operable wind-indicating device. (ii) The wind indicating device shall provide a visible or audible warning to alert the operator of high wind conditions. That warning shall be transmitted whenever the following circumstances are present: (A) When wind velocity reaches the warning speed, not exceeding the crane manufacturer's recommendations; and (B) When wind velocity reaches the shutdown speed, not exceeding the crane manufacturer's recommendations, at which time work is to be stopped and the crane secured. (iii) Instructions. The employer shall post operating instructions for high wind conditions in the operator's cab of each crane. Operators shall be directed to comply with these instructions. The instructions shall include procedures for responding to high wind alerts and for any coordination necessary with other cranes. (4) Securing of cranes in high winds. (i) When the wind reaches the crane's warning speed: (A) Gantry travel shall be stopped; and (B) The crane shall be readied for shutdown. (ii) When the wind reaches the crane's shutdown speed: (A) Any portion of the crane spanning or partially spanning a vessel shall be moved clear of the vessel if safe to do so; and (B) The crane shall be secured against travel, using all available means of securing. (5) The employer shall monitor local weather conditions by subscribing to a weather service or using equally effective means. (6) Stops and bumpers. (i) The ends of all tracks shall be equipped with stops or bumpers. If a stop engages the tread of the wheel, it shall be of a height not less than the radius of the wheel. (ii) When more than one crane operates on the same runway or more than one trolley on the same bridge, each crane or trolley shall be equipped with bumpers or equivalent devices at adjacent ends subject to impact. (7) Employee exposure to crane movement. When employees may be in the vicinity of the tracks, crane trucks shall be equipped with personnel deflecting guards. (8) Pedestrian clearance. If the track area is used for employee passage or for work, a minimum clearance of three feet (.91 m) shall be provided between trucks or the structures of rail-mounted cranes and any other structure or obstruction. When the required clearance is not available on at least one side of the crane's trucks, the area shall not be used and shall be marked and identified. (9) Warning devices. Rail-mounted cranes shall be equipped with an effective travel warning device which shall be used to warn employees who may be in the path of the moving crane. (10) Communications. Means of communication shall be provided between the operator's cab and the base of the gantry of all rail-mounted cranes. This requirement may be met by telephone, radio, sound-signaling system, or other effective methods, but not solely by hand-signaling. (11) Limit switch bypass systems shall be secured during all cargo operations. Such bypass systems shall not be used except in an emergency or during non-cargo handling operations such as stowing cranes or derricks or performing repairs. When a situation requiring the use of a bypass system or the readjustment of a limit switch arises, it shall be done only under the direction of a crane mechanic. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||