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Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
U.S. Department of Labor
Alexis M. Herman, Secretary
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Charles N. Jeffress, Assistant Secretary
OSHA 2254
1998 (Revised)
This informational booklet is intended to provide a generic, non-exhaustive overview of a particular standards-related topic. This publication does not itself alter or determine compliance responsibilities, which are set forth in OSHA standards themselves, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts.
Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without the permission of the Federal Government. Source credit is requested but not required.
This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 219-8615; Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) message referral phone: (800) 326-2577.
Contents
Introduction
Voluntary Training Guidelines
Index of Training Requirements
General Industry Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1910
Maritime Training Requirements, 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918
Construction Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1926
Agricultural Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1928
Federal Employee Programs Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1960
General Industry Training Requirements
Maritime Training Requirements
Shipyard Employment
Marine Terminals
Longshoring
Construction Training Requirements
Agricultural Training Requirements
Federal Employee Programs Training Requirements
Suggested Readings in Industrial Safety and Health Training and Other Resources
States with Approved Plans
OSHA Consultation Project Directory
OSHA Area Offices
OSHA Regional Offices
Introduction
Many standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) explicitly require the employer to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employer's responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees who are "certified," "competent," or "qualified" - meaning that they have had special previous training, in or out of the workplace. The term "designated" personnel means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties. These requirements reflect OSHA's belief that training is an essential part of every employer's safety and health program for protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Many researchers conclude that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced workers.
If ignorance of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is even partly to blame for this higher injury rate, then training will help to provide a solution.
As an example of the trend in OSHA safety and health training requirements, the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals standard (Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910.119) contains several training requirements. This standard was promulgated under the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The Process Safety Management Standard requires the employer to evaluate or verify that employees comprehend the training given to them. This means that the training to be given must have established goals and objectives regarding what is to be accomplished. Subsequent to the training, an evaluation would be conducted to verify that the employees understood the subjects presented or acquired the desired skills or knowledge. If the established goals and objectives of the training program were not achieved as expected, the employer than would revise the training program to make it more effective, or conduct more frequent refresher training or some combination of these. The requirements of the Process Safety Management Standard follow the concepts embodied in the OSHA training guidelines contained in this booklet.
The length and complexity of OSHA standards may make it difficult to find all the references to training. So, to help employers, safety and health professionals, training directors, and others with a need to know, OSHA's training-related requirements have been excerpted and collected in this booklet. Requirements for posting information, warning signs, labels, and the like are excluded, as are most references to the qualifications of people assigned to test workplace conditions or equipment.
It is usually a good idea for the employer to keep a record of all safety and health training. Records can provide evidence of the employer's good faith and compliance with OSHA standards. Documentation can also supply an answer to one of the first questions an accident investigator will ask: "Was the injured employee trained to do the job?"
Training in the proper performance of a job is time and money well spent, and the employer might regard it as an investment rather than an expense. An effective program of safety and health training for workers can result in fewer injuries and illnesses, better morale, and lower insurance premiums, among other benefits.
Readers with questions concerning worker safety and health training should contact their OSHA Regional or Area office listed at the end of this publication.
Voluntary Training Guidelines
- Introduction
- Training Model
- Review Commission Implications
- Training Guidelines
- Determining If Training is Needed
- Identifying Training Needs
- Identifying Goals and Objectives
- Developing Learning Activities
- Conducting the Training
- Evaluating Program Effectiveness
- Improving the Program
- Matching Training to Employees
- Identifying Employees at Risk
- Training Employees at Risk
- Conclusion
Voluntary Training Guidelines
I. Introduction
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 does not address specifically the responsibility of employers to provide health and safety information and instruction to employees, although Section 5(a)(2) does require that each employer ". . . shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act." However, more than 100 of the Act's current standards do contain training requirements.
Therefore, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has developed voluntary training guidelines to assist employers in providing the safety and health information and instruction needed for their employees to work at minimal risk to themselves, to fellow employees, and to the public.
The guidelines are designed to help employers to: (1) determine whether a worksite problem can be solved by training; (2) determine what training, if any, is needed; (3) identify goals and objectives for the training; (4) design learning activities; (5) conduct training; (6) determine the effectiveness of the training; and (7) revise the training program based on feedback from employees, supervisors, and others.
The development of the guidelines is part of an agency-wide objective to encourage cooperative, voluntary safety and health activities among OSHA, the business community, and workers. These voluntary programs include training and education, consultation, voluntary protection programs, and abatement assistance.
A. Training Model
The guidelines provide employers with a model for designing, conducting, evaluating, and revising training programs. The training model can be used to develop training programs for a variety of occupational safety and health hazards identified at the workplace. Additionally, it can assist employers in their efforts to meet the training requirements in current or future occupational safety and health standards.
A training program designed in accordance with these guidelines can be used to supplement and enhance the employer's other education and training activities. The guidelines afford employers significant flexibility in the selection of content and training and program design. OSHA encourages a personalized approach to the informational and instructional programs at individual worksites, thereby enabling employers to provide the training that is most needed and applicable to local working conditions.
Assistance with training programs or the identification of resources for training is available through such organizations as OSHA full-service Area Offices, State agencies which have their own OSHA-approved occupational safety and health programs, OSHA-funded State onsite consultation programs for employers, local safety councils, the OSHA Office of Training and Education, and OSHA-funded New Directions grantees.
B. Review Commission Implication
OSHA does not intend to make the guidelines mandatory. And they should not be used by employers as a total or complete guide in training and education matters which can result in enforcement proceedings before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. However, employee training programs are always an issue in Review Commission cases which involve alleged violations of training requirements contained in OSHA standards.
The adequacy of employee training may also become an issue in contested cases where the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct is raised. Under case law well-established in the Commission and the courts, an employer may successfully defend against an otherwise valid citation by demonstrating that all feasible steps were taken to avoid the occurrence of the hazard, and that actions of the employee involved in the violation were a departure from a uniformly and effectively enforced work rule of which the employee had either actual or constructive knowledge.
In either type of case, the adequacy of the training given to employees in connection with a specific hazard is a factual matter which can be decided only by considering all the facts and circumstances surrounding the alleged violation. The general guidelines in this publication are not intended, and cannot be used, as evidence of the appropriate level of training in litigation involving either the training requirements of OSHA standards or affirmative defenses based upon employer training programs.
II. Training Guidelines
OSHA's training guidelines follow a model that consists of:
- Determining if Training is Needed
- Identifying Training Needs
- Identifying Goals and Objectives
- Developing Learning Activities
- Conducting the Training
- Evaluating Program Effectiveness
- Improving the Program
The model is designed to be one that even the owner of a business with very few employees can use without having to hire a professional trainer or purchase expensive training materials. Using this model, employers or supervisors can develop and administer safety and health training programs that address problems specific to their own business, fulfill the learning needs of their own employees, and strengthen the overall safety and health program of the workplace.
A. Determing if Training is Needed
The first step in the training process is a basic one: to determine whether a problem can be solved by training. Whenever employees are not performing their jobs properly, it is often assumed that training will bring them up to standard. However, it is possible that other actions (such as hazard abatement or the implementation of engineering controls) would enable employees to perform their jobs properly.
Ideally, safety and health training should be provided before problems or accidents occur. This training would cover both general safety and health rules and work procedures, and would be repeated if an accident or near miss incident occurred.
Problems that can be addressed effectively by training include those that arise from lack of knowledge of a work process, unfamiliarity with equipment, or incorrect execution of a task. Training is less effective (but still can be used) for problems arising from an employee's lack of motivation or lack of attention to the job. Whatever its purpose, training is most effective when designed in relation to the goals of the employer's total safety and health program.
B. Identifying Training Needs
If the problem is one that can be solved, in whole or in part, by training then the next step is to determine what training is needed. For this, it is necessary to identify what the employee is expected to do and in what ways, if any, the employee's performance is deficient. This information can be obtained by conducting a job analysis which pinpoints what an employee needs to know in order to perform a job.
When designing a new training program, or preparing to instruct an employee in an unfamiliar procedure or system, a job analysis can be developed by examining engineering data on new equipment or the safety data sheets on unfamiliar substances. The content of the specific Federal or State OSHA standards applicable to a business can also provide direction in developing training content. Another option is to conduct a Job Hazard Analysis (see OSHA 3071, same title, 1981). This is a procedure for studying and recording each step of a job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the risks. Information obtained from a Job Hazard Analysis can be used as the content for the training activity.
If an employer's learning needs can be met by revising an existing training program rather than developing a new one, or if the employer already has some knowledge of the process or system to be used, appropriate training content can be developed through such means as:
- Using company accident and injury records to identify how accidents occur and what can be done to prevent them from recurring.
- Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in their own words, descriptions if their jobs. These should include the tasks performed and the tools, materials and equipment used.
- Observing employees at the worksite as they perform tasks, asking about the work, and recording their answers.
- Examining similar training programs offered by other companies in the same industry, or obtaining suggestions from such organizations as the National Safety Council (which can provide information on Job Hazard Analysis), the Bureau of Labor Statistics, OSHA approved State programs, OSHA full service Area Offices, OSHA-funded State consultation programs, or the OSHA Office of Training and Education.
The employees themselves can provide valuable information on the training they need. Safety and health hazards can be identified through the employees' responses to such questions as whether anything about their jobs frightens them, if they have had any near-miss incidents, if they feel they are taking risks, or if they believe that their jobs involve hazardous operations or substances.
C. Identifying Goals and Objectives
Once the kind of training that is needed has been determined, it is equally important to determine what kind of training is not needed. Employees should be made aware of all the steps involved in a task or procedure, but training should focus on those steps on which improved performance is needed. This avoids unnecessary training and tailors the training to meet the needs of the employees.
Once the employees' training needs have been identified, employers can then prepare objectives for the training. Instructional objectives, if clearly stated, will tell employers what they want their employees to do, to do better, or to stop doing.
Learning objectives do not necessarily have to be written, but in order for the training to be as successful as possible, clear and measurable objectives should be thought out before the training begins. For an objective to be effective it should identify as precisely as possible what the individuals will do to demonstrate that they have learned, or that the objective has been reached. They should also describe the important conditions under which the individual will demonstrate competence and define what constitutes acceptable performance.
Using specific, action-oriented language, the instructional objectives should describe the preferred practice or skill and its observable behavior. For example, rather than using the statement: "The employee will understand how to use a respirator" as an instructional objective, it would be better to say: "The employee will be able to describe how a respirator works and when it should be used." Objectives are most effective when worded in sufficient detail that other qualified persons can recognize when the desired behavior is exhibited.
D. Developing Learning Activities
Once employers have stated precisely what the objectives for the training program are, then learning activities can be identified and described. Learning activities enable employees to demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills and knowledge. To ensure that employees transfer the skills or knowledge from the learning activity to the job, the learning situation should simulate the actual job as closely as possible. Thus, employers may want to arrange the objectives and activities in a sequence which corresponds to the order in which the tasks are to be performed on the job, if a specific process is to be learned. For instance, if an employee must learn the beginning processes of using a machine, the sequence might be: (1) to check that the power source is connected; (2) to ensure that the safety devices are in place and are operative; (3) to know when and how to throw the switch; and so on.
A few factors will help to determine the type of learning activity to be incorporated into the training. One aspect is the training resources available to the employer. Can a group training program that uses an outside trainer and film be organized, or should the employer personally train the employees on a one-to one basis? Another factor is the kind of skills or knowledge to be learned. Is the learning oriented toward physical skills (such as the use of special tools) or toward mental processes and attitudes? Such factors will influence the type of learning activity designed by employers. The training activity can be group oriented, with lectures, role play, and demonstrations; or designed for the individual as with self-paced instruction.
The determination of methods and materials for the learning activity can be as varied as the employer's imagination and available resources will allow. The employer may want to use charts, diagrams, manuals, slides, films, viewgraphs (overhead transparencies), videotapes, audiotapes, or simply blackboard and chalk, or any combination of these and other instructional aids. Whatever the method of instruction, the learning activities should be developed in such a way that the employees can clearly demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills or knowledge.
E. Conduction the Training
With the completion of the steps outlined above, the employer is ready to begin conducting the training. To the extent possible, the training should be presented so that its organization and meaning are clear to the employees. To do so, employers or supervisors should: (1) provide overviews of the material to be learned; (2) relate, wherever possible, the new information or skills to the employee's goals, interests, or experience; and (3) reinforce what the employees learned by summarizing the program's objectives and the key points of information covered. These steps will assist employers in presenting the training in a clear, unambiguous manner.
In addition to organizing the content, employers must also develop the structure and format of the training. The content developed for the program, the nature of the workplace or other training site, and the resources available for training will help employers determine for themselves the frequency of training activities, the length of the sessions, the instructional techniques, and the individual(s) best qualified to present the information.
In order to be motivated to pay attention and learn the material that the employer or supervisor is presenting, employees must be convinced of the importance and relevance of the material. Among the ways of developing motivation are: (1) explaining the goals and objectives of instruction; (2) relating the training to the interests, skills, and experiences of the employees; (3) outlining the main points to be presented during the training session(s); and (4) pointing out the benefits of training (e.g., the employee will be better informed, more skilled, and thus more valuable both on the job and on the labor market; or the employee will, if he or she applies the skills and knowledge learned, be able to work at reduced risk).
An effective training program allows employees to participate in the training process and to practice their skills or knowledge. This will help to ensure that they are learning the required knowledge or skills and permit correction if necessary. Employees can become involved in the training process by participating in discussions, asking questions, contributing their knowledge and expertise, learning through hands-on experiences, and through role-playing exercises.
F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness
To make sure that the training program is accomplishing its goals, an evaluation of the training can be valuable. Training should have, as one of its critical components, a method of measuring the effectiveness of the training. A plan for evaluating the training session(s), either written or thought-out by the employer, should be developed when the course objectives and content are developed. It should not be delayed until the training has been completed. Evaluation will help employers or supervisors determine the amount of learning achieved and whether an employee's performance has improved on the job. Among the methods of evaluating training are: (1) Student opinion. Questionnaires or informal discussions with employees can help employers determine the relevance and appropriateness of the training program; (2) Supervisors' observations. Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employee's performance both before and after the training and note improvements or changes; and (3) Workplace improvements. The ultimate success of a training program may be changes throughout the workplace that result in reduced injury or accident rates.
However it is conducted, an evaluation of training can give employers the information necessary to decide whether or not the employees achieved the desired results, and whether the training session should be offered again at some future date.
G. Improving the Program
If, after evaluation, it is clear that the training did not give the employees the level of knowledge and skill that was expected, then it may be necessary to revise the training program or provide periodic retraining. At this point, asking questions of employees and of those who conducted the training may be of some help. Among the questions that could be asked are: (1) Were parts of the content already known and, therefore, unnecessary? (2) What material was confusing or distracting? (3) Was anything missing from the program? (4) What did the employees learn, and what did they fail to learn?
It may be necessary to repeat steps in the training process, that is, to return to the first steps and retrace one's way through the training process. As the program is evaluated, the employer should ask: (1) If a job analysis was conducted, was it accurate? (2) Was any critical feature of the job overlooked? (3) Were the important gaps in knowledge and skill included? (4) Was material already known by the employees intentionally omitted? (5) Were the instructional objectives presented clearly and concretely? (6) Did the objectives state the level of acceptable performance that was expected of employees? (7) Did the learning activity simulate the actual job? (8) Was the learning activity appropriate for the kinds of knowledge and skills required on the job? (9) When the training was presented, was the organization of the material and its meaning made clear? (10) Were the employees motivated to learn? (11) Were the employees allowed to participate actively in the training process? (12) Was the employer's evaluation of the program thorough?
A critical examination of the steps in the training process will help employers determine where course revision is necessary.
III. Matching Training to Employees
While all employees are entitled to know as much as possible about the safety and health hazards to which they are exposed, and employers should attempt to provide all relevant information and instruction to all employees, the resources for such an effort frequently are not, or are not believed to be, available. Thus, employers are often faced with the problem of deciding who is in the greatest need of information and instruction.
One way to differentiate between employees who have priority needs for training and those who do not is to identify employee populations which are at higher levels of risk. The nature of the work will provide an indication that such groups should receive priority for information on occupational safety and health risks.
A. Identifying Employees at Risk
One method of identifying employee populations at high levels of occupational risk (and thus in greater need of safety and health training) is to pinpoint hazardous occupations. Even within industries which are hazardous in general, there are some employees who operate at greater risk than others. In other cases the hazardousness of an occupation is influenced by the conditions under which it is performed, such as noise, heat or cold, or safety or health hazards in the surrounding area. In these situations, employees should be trained not only on perform their job safely but also on how to operate within a hazardous environment.
A second method of identifying employee populations at high levels of risk is to examine the incidence of accidents and injuries, both within the company and within the industry. If employees in certain occupational categories are experiencing higher accident and injury rates than other employees, training may be one way to reduce that rate. In addition, thorough accident investigation can identify not only specific employees who could benefit from training but also identify company-wide training needs.
Research has identified the following variables as being related to a disproportionate share of injuries and illnesses at the worksite on the part of employees:
- The age of the employee (younger employees have higher incidence rates).
- The length of time on the job (new employees have higher incidence rates).
- The size of the firm (in general terms, medium-size firms have higher incidence rates than smaller or larger firms).
- The type of work performed (incidence and severity rates vary significantly by SIC Code).
- The use of hazardous substances (by SIC Code).
These variables should be considered when identifying employee groups for training in occupational safety and health.
In summary, information is readily available to help employers identify which employees should receive safety and health information, education and training, and who should receive it before others. Employers can request assistance in obtaining information by contacting such organizations as OSHA Area Offices, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, OSHA approved State programs, State onsite consultation programs, the OSHA Office of Training and Education, or local safety councils.
B. Training Employees at Risk
Determining the content of training for employee populations at higher levels of risk is similar to determining what any employee needs to know, but more emphasis is placed on the requirements of the job and the possibility of injury. One useful tool for determining training content from job requirements is the Job Hazard Analysis described earlier. This procedure examines each step of a job, identifies existing or potential hazards, and determines the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the hazards. Its key elements are: (1) job description; (2) job location; (3) key steps (preferably in the order in which they are performed); (4) tools, machines and materials used; (5) actual and potential safety and health hazards associated with these key job steps; and (6) safe and healthful practices, apparel, and equipment required for each job step.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) can also provide information for training employees in the safe use of materials. These data sheets, developed by chemical manufacturers and importers, are supplied with manufacturing or construction materials and describe the ingredients of a product, its hazards, protective equipment to be used, safe handling procedures, and emergency first-aid responses. The information contained in these sheets can help employers identify employees in need of training (i.e., workers handling substances described in the sheets) and train employees in safe use of the substances. Material Safety Data Sheets are generally available from suppliers, manufacturers of the substance, large employers who use the substance on a regular basis, or they can be developed by employers or trade associations. MSDS are particularly useful for those employers who are developing training on chemical use as required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard.
IV. Conclusion
In an attempt to assist employers with their occupational health and safety training activities, OSHA has developed a set of training guidelines in the form of a model. This model is designed to help employers develop instructional programs as part of their total education and training effort. The model addresses the questions of who should be trained, on what topics, and for what purposes. It also helps employers determine how effective the program has been and enables them to identify employees who are in greatest need of education and training. The model is general enough to be used in any area of occupational safety and health training, and allows employers to determine for themselves the content and format of training. Use of this model in training activities is just one of many ways that employers can comply with the OSHA standards that relate to training and enhance the safety and health of their employees.
Index of Training Requirements
General Industry Training Requirements
29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart E Means of Egress
Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans
Subpart F Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms
Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance - Operations-Training
Care and use Appendix C, Section 1
Subpart G Occupational Health and Environmental Control
DipTanks - Personal Protection
Inspection, Maintenance, and Installation
Hearing Protection
Training Program
Subpart H Hazardous Materials
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Explosives and Blasting Agents
Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles
Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
Contract Employer Responsibilities
Mechanical Integrity
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
Hazardous Waste Cleanup Workers
New Technology Programs
Hazardous Waste - Emergency Responders
Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory Protection for M Tuberculosis
Subpart J General Environmental Controls
Temporary Labor Camps
Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags
Permit Required Confined Spaces
The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)
Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed
Outside Personnel
Subpart K Medical Services and First Aid
Medical Services and First Aid
Subpart L Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Brigades
Training and Education
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Fixed Extinguishing Systems
Fire Detection Systems
Employee Alarm Systems
Subpart N Materials Handling and Storage
Servicing of Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels
Powered Industrial Trucks
Moving the Load
Crawler Locomotives and Truck Cranes
Subpart O Machinery and Machine Guarding
Mechanical Power Presses
Mechanical Power Presses - Instructions to Operators
Training of Maintenance Personnel
Operator Training
Forging Machines
Subpart Q Welding, Cutting, and Brazing
General Requirements
Oxygen - Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting
Arc Welding and Cutting
Resistance Welding
Subpart R Special Industries
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills
Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules
Sawmills
Logging
Telecommunications
Derrick Trucks
Cable Fault Locating
Guarding Manholes
Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes
Tree Trimming - Electrical Hazards
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
Grain Handling Facilities
Entry Into Bins, Silos, and Tanks
Contractors
Subpart S Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices
Content of Training
Subpart T Commercial Diving Operations
Qualifications of Dive Team
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances
Asbestos
4-Nitrobiphenyl
Alpha-Naphthylamine
Methyl Chloromethyl Ether
3, 3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts)
Bis-Chloromethyl Ether
Beta-Napthylamine
Benzidine
4-Aminodiphenyl
Ethyleneimine
Beta-Propiolactone
2-Acetylaminofluorene
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Vinyl Chloride
Inorganic Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Benzene
Coke Oven Emissions
Bloodborne Pathogens
Cotton Dust
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane
Acrylonitrile (Vinyl Cyanide)
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
4, 4' Methylenedianiline
Ionizing Radiation Testing
Posting
Hazard Communication
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories
Maritime Training Requirements
Part 1915 Shipyard Employment
29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918
Subpart A General Provisions
Commercial Diving Operations
Competent Person
Subpart B Explosive and Other Dangerous Atmospheres
Confined and Enclosed Spaces
Precautions Before Entering
Cleaning and Other Cold Work
Certification Before Hot Work Is Begun
Maintaining Gas Free Conditions, Ship Repairing
Subpart C Surface Preparation and Preservation
Painting
Flammable Liquids
Subpart D Welding, Cutting, and Heating
Fire Prevention
Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings
Welding, Cutting and Heating of Hollow Metal Containers
and Structures Not Covered by 1915.12
Gas Welding and Cutting
Arc Welding and Cutting
Uses of Fissionable Material
Subpart E Scaffolds, Ladders and Other Working Surfaces
Scaffolds or Staging
Subpart F General Working Conditions
Work On Or In The Vicinity of Radar and Radio
First-Aid
Subpart G Gear and Equipment for Rigging and Materials Handling
Ropes, Chains, and Slings
Use of Gear
Qualifications of Operators
Subpart H Tools and Related Equipment
Powder Actuated Fastening Tools
Internal Combustion Engines, Other Than Ships' Equipment
Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment
General Requirements
Respiratory Protection
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
Positioning Device Systems
Subpart K Portable, Unfired Pressure Vessels, Drums, and Containers,
Other than Ships' Equipment
Portable Air Receivers and Other Unfired Pressure Vessels
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances
Asbestos
13 Carcinogens
Vinyl Chloride
Inorganic Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Benzene
Bloodborne Pathogens
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane
Acrylonitrile
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Methylenedianiline
Ionizing Radiation
Hazard Communication
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories
Part 1917 Marine Terminals
Subpart A Scope and Definitions
Commercial Diving Operations
Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices
Grain Handling Facilities
Hazard Communication
Ionizing Radiation
Hearing Protection
Respiratory Protection
Servicing Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels
Toxic and Hazardous Substances
Subpart B Marine Terminal Operations
Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances
Fumigants, Pesticides, Insecticides, and Hazardous Preservatives
Personnel
Hazard Communication
Emergency Action Plans
Subpart C Cargo Handling Gear and Equipment
General Rules Applicable to Vehicles
Subpart D Specialized Terminals
Related Terminal Operations and Equipment
Welding, Cutting, and Heating (Hot Work)
Part 1918 Longshoring
Subpart A Scope and Definitions
Commercial Diving Operations
Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices
Hazard Communication
Ionizing Radiation
Hearing Protection
Respiratory Protection
Toxic and Hazardous Substances
Subpart H Handling Cargo
Containerized Cargo Operations - Fall Protection systems
Subpart I General Working Conditions
Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances
Ventilation and Atmospheric Conditions and Fumigants
First-Aid and Life Saving Facilities
Qualifications of Machinery Operators
Construction Training Requirements
29 CFR Part 1926
Subpart C General Safety and Health Provisions
General Safety and Health Provisions
Safety Training and Education
Employee Emergency Action Plans
Subpart D Occupational Health and Environmental Controls
Medical Services and First-Aid
Ionizing Radiation
Nonionizing Radiation
Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists
Hazard Communication
Methylenedianiline
Lead in Construction
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
Subpart E Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment
Hearing Protection
Respiratory Protection
Subpart F Fire Protection and Prevention
Fire Protection
Subpart G Signs, Signals, and Barricades
Signaling
Subpart I Tools - Hand and Power
Powder-Operated Hand Tools
Woodworking Tools
Subpart J Welding and Cutting
Gas Welding and Cutting
Arc Welding and Cutting
Fire Prevention
Welding, Cutting, and Heating In Way of Preservative Coatings
Subpart K Electrical
Ground Fault Protection
Subpart L Scaffolding
Scaffolding - Training Requirements
Subpart M Fall Protection
Fall Protection - Training Requirements
Subpart N Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors
Cranes and Derricks
Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators
Subpart O Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations
Material Handling Equipment
Site Clearing
Subpart P Excavations
General Protection Requirements
Subpart Q Concrete and Masonry Construction
Concrete and Masonry Construction
Subpart R Steel Erection
Bolting, Riveting, Fitting-up, and Plumbing-up
Subpart S Underground Construction, Caissons, Cofferdams, and
Compressed Air
Underground Construction
Compressed Air
Subpart T Demolition
Preparatory Operations
Chutes
Mechanical Demolition
Subpart U Blasting and Use of Explosives
General Provisions
Blaster Qualifications
Surface Transportation of Explosives
Firing the Blast
Subpart V Power Transmission and Distribution
General Requirements
Overhead Lines
Underground Lines
Construction in Energized Substations
Subpart X Stairways and Ladders
Ladders
Training Requirements
Subpart Y Diving
Commercial Diving Operations
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances
Asbestos
13 Carcinogens
Vinyl Chloride
Inorganic Arsenic
Cadmium
Benzene
Coke Oven Emissions
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane
Acrylonitrile
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Methylene Chloride
Agriculatural Training Requirements
29 CFR Part 1928
Subpart B Applicability of Standards
Temporary Labor Camps
Logging
Hazard Communication
Cadmium
Subpart C Roll-Over Protective Structures
Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for tractors used in
agricultural operations
Subpart D Safety for Agricultural Equipment
Guarding of farm field equipment, farmstead equipment, and cotton gins
Subpart M Occupational Health
Cadmium
Federal Employee Programs Training Requirements
29 CFR Part 1960
Subpart B Financial Management
Subpart D Inspection and Abatement
Qualifications of Safety and Health Inspectors and Agency Inspections
Subpart E General Services Administration and Other Federal Agencies
Safety and Health Services
Subpart F Occupational Safety and Health Committees
Agency Responsibilities
Subpart H Training of:
Top Management
Supervisors
Safety and Health Specialists
Safety and Health Inspectors
Collateral Duty Safety and Health Personnel and Committee Members
Employees and Employee Representatives
Training Assistance
Subpart K Federal Safety and Health Councils
Role of the Secretary
General Industry Training Requirements
The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910. Note that additional training requirements may appear in certain other standards (ANSI, NFPA, etc.) adopted by reference in Part 1910 and therefore mandatory.
Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans 1910.38(a)(5)(i), (ii)(a) through (c) and (iii)
(i) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly emergency evacuation of employees.
(ii) The employer shall review the plan with each employee covered by the plan at the following times:
(a) Initially when the plan is developed,
(b) Whenever the employee's responsibilities or designated actions under the plan change, and
(c) Whenever the plan is changed.
(iii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.
1910.38(b)(4)(i) and (ii)
(i) The employer shall apprise employees of the fire hazards of the materials and processes to which they are exposed.
(ii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the fire prevention plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept in the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees, the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.
Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance - Operations Training 1910.66(i), (ii) and (ii)(A) through (E), and (iii) through (v)
(i) Working platforms shall be operated only by persons who are proficient in the operation, safe use and inspection of the particular working platform to be operated.
(ii) All employees who operate working platforms shall be trained in the following:
(A) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards associated with their individual work tasks.
(B) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the use of working platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the particular working platform to be operated.
(C) Emergency action plan procedures required in paragraph (e)(9) of this section.
(D) Work procedures required in paragraph (i)(1)(iv) of this section.
(E) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance.
(iii) Training of employees in the operation and inspection of working platforms shall be done by a competent person.
(iv) Written work procedures for the operation, safe use and inspection of working platforms shall be provided for employee training. Pictorial methods of instruction, may be used, in lieu of written work procedures, if employee communication is improved using this method. The operating manuals supplied by manufacturers for platform system components can serve as the basis for these procedures.
(v) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained in operating and inspecting a working platform by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training and the date that training was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of the training required in paragraph (i)(1)(ii) of this section, and shall be maintained in a file for the duration of the employee's employment. The certification record shall be kept readily available for review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretary's representative.
Care and Use Appendix C, Sec. I(e)(9)
(9) Before using a personal fall arrest system, and after any component or system is changed, employees shall be trained in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 1910.66(i)(1), in the safe use of the system.
Dip Tanks -- Personal Protection 1910.94(d)(9)(i)
(9) Personal protection. (i) All employees working in and around opensurface tank operations must be instructed as to the hazards of their respective jobs, and in the personal protection and procedures applicable to these hazards.
1910.94(d)(9)(vi)
(vi) Respirators shall be used in accordance with § 1910.134, and persons who may require them shall be trained in their use.
Inspection, Maintenance and Installation 1910.94(d)(11)(v)
(v) If, in emergencies, such as rescue work, it is necessary to enter a tank which may contain a hazardous atmosphere, suitable respirators, such as selfcontained breathing apparatus; hose mask with blower, if there is a possibility of oxygen deficiency; or a gas mask, selected and operated in accordance with paragraph (d)(9)(vi) of this section, shall be used. If a contaminant in the tank can cause dermatitis, or be absorbed through the skin, the employee entering the tank shall also wear protective clothing. At least one trained standby employee, with suitable respirator, shall be present in the nearest uncontaminated area. The standby employee must be able to communicate with the employee in the tank and be able to haul him out of the tank with a lifeline if necessary.
Hearing Protection 1910.95(i)(4)
(4) The employer shall provide training in the use and care of all hearing protectors provided to employees.
Training Program 1910.95(k)(1) through (3)(i) through (iii)
(1) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to noise at or above an 8-hour time weighted average of 85 decibels, and shall ensure employee participation in such program.
(2) The training program shall be repeated annually for each employee included in the hearing conservation program. Information provided in the training program shall be updated to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes.
(3) The employer shall ensure that each employee is informed of the following:
(i) The effects of noise on hearing;
(ii) The purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types, and instructions on selection, fitting, use, and care; and
(iii) The purpose of audiometric testing, and an explanation of the test procedures.
Flammable and Combustible Liquids 1910.106(b)(5)(v)(2) and (3)
(2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in flood emergencies are properly posted.
(3) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such instructions are thoroughly informed as to the location and operation of such valves and other equipment necessary to effect these requirements.
Explosive and Blasting Agents 1910.109(d)(3)(i) and (iii)
(i) Vehicles transporting explosives shall only be driven by and be in the charge of a driver who is familiar with the traffic regulations, State laws, and the provisions of this section.
(iii) Every motor vehicle transporting any quantity of Class A or Class B explosives shall, at all times, be attended by a driver or other attendant of the motor carrier. This attendant shall have been made aware of the class of the explosive material in the vehicle and of its inherent dangers, and shall have been instructed in the measures and procedures to be followed in order to protect the public from those dangers. He shall have been made familiar with the vehicle he is assigned, and shall be trained, supplied with the necessary means, and authorized to move the vehicle when required.
1910.109(g)(3)(iii)(a)
(iii)(a) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. The employer shall assure that the operator is familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations.
1910.109(g)(6)(ii)
(ii) Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall only be driven by and be in charge of a driver in possession of a valid motor vehicle operator's license. Such a person shall also be familiar with the States vehicle and traffic laws.
Bulk Delivery and MixingVehicles 1910.109(h)(3)(d)(iii)
(iii) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. He shall be familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations.
Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 1910.110(b)(16) and 1910.110(d)(12)(i)
(16) Instructions. Personnel performing installation, removal, operation, and maintenance work shall be properly trained in such functions.
(i) When standard watch service is provided, it shall be extended to the LP-Gas installation and personnel properly trained.
1910.111(b)(13)(ii)
(ii) The employer shall insure that unloading operations are performed by reliable persons properly instructed and given the authority to monitor careful compliance with all applicable procedures.
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 1910.119(g)(1)(i) and (ii)
(g) Training. (1) Initial training. (i) Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the operating procedures as specified in paragraph (f) of this section. The training shall include emphasis on the specific safety and health hazards, emergency operations including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the employee's job tasks.
(ii) In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as specified in the operating procedures.
1910.119(g)(2)
(2) Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of the process. The employer, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training.
1910.119(g)(3)
(3) Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved in operating a process has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training.
Contract Employer Responsibilities 1910.119(h)(3)(i) through (iv)
(3) Contract employer responsibilities. (i) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work practices necessary to perform his/her job.
(ii) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his/her job and the process, and the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan. (iii) The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training.
(iv) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of the facility including the safe work practices required by paragraph (f)(4) of this section.
Mechanical Integrity 1910.119(j)(3)
(3) Training for process maintenance activities. The employer shall train each employee involved in maintaining the ongoing integrity of process equipment in an overview of that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable to the employee's job tasks to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner.
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 1910.120(e)(1)(i) and (ii); (2)(i) through (vii); (3)(i) through (iv) and (4) through (9)
(e) Training (1) General (i) All employees working on site (such as but not limited to equipment operators, general laborers and others) exposed to hazardous substances, health hazards, or safety hazards and their supervisors and management responsible for the site shall receive training meeting the requirements of this paragraph before they are permitted to engage in hazardous waste operations that could expose them to hazardous substances, safety, or health hazards, and they shall receive review training as specified in this paragraph.
(ii) Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise field activities until they have been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility.
(2) Elements to be covered. The training shall thoroughly cover the following:
(i) Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health;
(ii) Safety, health and other hazards present on the site;
(iii) Use of personal protective equipment;
(iv) Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards;
(v) Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site;
(vi) Medical surveillance requirements, including recognition of symptoms and signs which might indicate overexposure to hazards; and
(vii) The contents of paragraphs (G) through (J) of the site safety and health plan set forth in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section.
(3) Initial training. (i) General site workers (such as equipment operators, general laborers and supervisory personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other activities which expose or potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health hazards shall receive a minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a minimum of three days actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.
(ii) Workers on site only occasionally for a specific limited task (such as, but not limited to, ground water monitoring, land surveying, or geophysical surveying) and who are unlikely to be exposed over permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site, and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.
(iii) Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully characterized indicating that exposures are under permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits where respirators are not necessary, and the characterization indicates that there are no health hazards or the possibility of an emergency developing, shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.
(iv) Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii) of this section, and who become general site workers or who are required to wear respirators, shall have the additional 16 hours and two days of training necessary to total the training specified in paragraph (e)(3)(i)(4).
(4) Management and supervisor training. Onsite management and supervisors directly responsible for, or who supervise employees engaged in, hazardous waste operations shall receive 40 hours initial training, and three days of supervised field experience the training may be reduced to 24 hours and one day if the only area of their responsibility is employees covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii) and at least eight additional hours of specialized training at the time of job assignment on such topics as, but not limited to, the employer's safety and health program and the associated employee training program, personal protective equipment program, spill containment program, and health hazard monitoring procedure and techniques.
(5) Qualifications for trainers. Trainers shall be qualified to instruct employees about the subject matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have satisfactorily completed a training program for teaching the subjects 25 they are expected to teach, or they shall have the academic credentials and instructional experience necessary for teaching the subjects. Instructors shall demonstrate competent instructional skills and knowledge of the applicable subject matter.
(6) Training certification. Employees and supervisors that have received and successfully completed the training and field experience specified in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall be certified by their instructor or the head instructor and trained supervisor as having successfully completed the necessary training. A written certificate shall be given to each person so certified. Any person who has not been so certified or who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(9) of this section shall be prohibited from engaging in hazardous waste operations.
(7) Emergency response. Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous emergency situations at hazardous waste cleanup sites that may expose them to hazardous substances shall be trained in how to respond to such expected emergencies.
(8) Refresher training. Employees specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and managers and supervisors specified in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually on the items specified in paragraph (e)(2) and/or (e)(4) of this section, critiques of incidents that have occurred in the past year that can serve as training examples of any related work, and other relevant topics.
(9) Equivalent training. Employers who can show by documentation or certification that an employee's work experience and/or training has resulted in training equivalent to that training required in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall not be required to provide the initial training requirements of those paragraphs to such employees. However, certified employees or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site specific training before site entry and have appropriate supervised field experience at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training that existing employees might have already received from actual hazardous waste site work experience.
However, certified employees or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site specific training before site entry and have appropriate supervised field experience at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training that existing employees might have already received from actual hazardous waste site work experience.
Hazardous Waste Cleanup Workers 1910.120 Appendix C
2. Training. The training program for employees subject to the requirements of paragraph (e) of this standard should address: the safety and health hazards employees should expect to find on hazardous waste clean up sites; what control measures or techniques are effective for those hazards; what monitoring procedures are effective in characterizing exposure levels; what makes an effective employer safety and health program; what a site safety and health plan should include; hands-on training with personal protective equiipment and clothing they may be expected to use; the contents of the OSHA standards relevant to the employee's duties and functions; and, employee's responsibilities under OSHA and other regulations.
New Technology Programs 1910.120(o)(i)
(i) The employer shall develop and implement procedures for the introduction of effective new technologies and equipment developed for the improved protection of employees working with hazardous waste clean up operations, and the same shall be implemented as part of the site safety and health program to assure that employee protection is being maintained.
Hazardous Waste Operations -- Emergency Responders 1910.120(p)(8)(iii)(A) through (C)
(iii) Training. (A) Training for emergency response employees shall be completed before they are called upon to perform in real emergencies. Such training shall include the elements of the emergency response plan, standard operating procedures the employer has established for the job, the personal protective equipment to be worn and procedures for handling emergency incidents.
Note: Exception #1: An employer need not train all employees to the degree specified if the employer divided the work force in a manner such that a sufficient number of employees who have responsibility to control emergencies have the training specified, and all other employees, who may first resond to an emergency incident, have sufficient awareness training to recognize that an emergency response situation exists and that they are instructed in that case to summon the fully trained employees and not attempt control activities for which they are not trained.
Note: Exception #2: An employer need not train all employees to the degree specified if arrangements have been made in advance for an outside fully trained emergency response team to respond in a reasonable period and all employees, who may come to the incident first, have sufficient awareness training to recognize that an emergency response situation exists and they have been instructed to call the designated outside, fully trained emergency response team for assistance.
(B) Employee members of TSD facility emergency response organizations shall be trained to a level of competnce in the reconition of health and safety hazards to protect themselves and other employees. This would include training in the methods used to minimize the risk from safety and health hazards; in the safe use of control equipment; in the selection and use of appropriate personal protective equipment; in the safe operating procedures to be used at the incident scene; in the techniques of coordination with other employees to minimize risks; in the appropriate response to overexposure from health hazards or injury to themselves and other employees; and in the recognition of subsequent symptoms which may result from overexposures.
(C) The employer shall certify that each covered employee has attended and successfully completed the training required in paragraph (p)(8)(iii) of this section, or shall certify the employee's competency at least yearly. The method used to demonstrate competency for certification of training shall be recorded and maintained by the employer.
1910.120(p)(7)(i) through (iii)
(i) New employees. The employer shall develop and implement a training program, which is part of the employer's safety and health program, for employees exposed to health hazards or hazardous substances at TSD operations to enable the employees to perform their assigned duties and functions in a safe and healthful manner so as not to endanger themselves or other employees. The initial training shall be for 24 hours and refresher training shall be for eight hours annually. Employees who have received the initial training required by this paragraph shall be given a written certificate attesting that they have successfully completed the necessary training.
(ii) Current employees. Employers who can show by an employee'sprevious work experience and/or training that the employee has had training equ
ivalent to the initial training required by this paragraph, shall be considered as meeting the initial training requirements of this paragraph as to that employee. Equivalent training includes the training that existing employees might have already received from actual site work experience. Current employees shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually.
(iii) Trainers. Trainers who teach initial training shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach or they shall have the academic credentials and instruction experience necessary to demonstrate a good command of the subject matter of the courses and competent instructional skills.
1910.120(p)(8)(iii)(A)
(iii) Training. (A) Training for emergency response employees shall be completed before they are called upon to perform in real emergencies. Such training shall include the elements of the emergency response plan, standard operating procedures the employer has established for the job, the personal protective equipment to be worn, and procedures for handling emergency incidents.
1910.120(q)(4)
(4) Skilled support personnel. Personnel, not necessarily an employer's own employees, who are skilled in the operation of certain equipment, such as mechanized earth moving or digging equipment or crane and hoisting equipment, and who are needed temporarily to perform immediate emergency support work that cannot reasonably be performed in a timely fashion by an employer's own employees, and who will be or may be exposed to the hazards at an emergency response scene, are not required to meet the training required in this paragraph for the employer's regular employees. However, these personnel shall be given an initial briefing at the site prior to their participation in any emergency response. The initial briefing shall include instruction in the wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment, what chemical hazards are involved, and what duties are to be performed. All other appropriate safety and health precautions provided to the employer's own employees shall be used to assure the safety and health of these personnel.
1910.120(q)(5)
(5) Specialist employees. Employees who, in the course of their regular job duties, work with and are trained in the hazards of specific hazardous substances, and who will be called upon to provide technical advice or assistance at a hazardous substance release incident to the individual in charge, shall receive training or demonstrate competency in the area of their specialization annually.
1910.120(q)(6)(i)(A) through (F); (iii)(A) Through I; (iv)(A) through (I); (v)(A) through (F)
(6) Training. Training shall be based on the duties and function to be performed by each responder of an emergency response organization. The skill and knowledge levels required for all new responders, those hired after the effective date of this standard, shall be conveyed to them through training before they are permitted to take part in actual emergency operations on an incident. Employees who participate, or are expected to participate in emergency response, shall be given training in accordance with the following paragraphs:
(i) First responder awareness level. First responders at the awareness level are individuals who are likely to witness or discover a hazardous substance release and who have been trained to initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. First responders at the awareness level shall have sufficient training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas:
(A) An understanding of what hazardous substances are, and the risks associated with them in an incident.
(B) An understanding of the potential outcomes associated with an emergency created when hazardous substances are present.
(C) The ability to recognize the presence of hazardous substances in an emergency.
(D) The ability to identify the hazardous substances, if possible.
(E) An understanding of the role of the first responder awareness individual in the employer's emergency response plan including site security and control and the U.S. Department of Transportation's Emergency Response Guidebook.
(F) The ability to realize the need for additional resources, and to make appropriate notifications to the communications center.
(ii) First responder operations level. First responders at the operations level are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the initial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a defensive fashion without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to contain the release from a safe distance, keep it from spreading, and prevent exposures. First responders at the operational level shall have received at least eight hours of training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas in addition to those listed for the awareness level and the employer shall so certify:
(A) Knowledge of the basic hazard and risk assessment techniques.
(B) Know how to select and use proper personal protective equipment provided to the first responder operational level
(C) An understanding of basic hazardous materials terms.
(D) Know how to perform basic control, containment and/or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with their unit.
(E) Know how to implement basic decontamination procedures.
(F) An understanding of the relevant standard operating procedures and termination procedures.
(iii) Hazardous materials technician. Hazardous materials technicians are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases for the purpose of stopping the release. They assume a more aggressive role than a first responder at the operations level in that they will approach the point of release in order to plug, patch or otherwise stop the release of a hazardous substance. Hazardous materials technicians shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify:
(A) Know how to implement the employer's emergency response plan.
(C) Be able to function within an assigned role in the Incident Command System
(D) Know how to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials technician.
(E) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques.
(F) Be able to perform advance control, containment, and/or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with the unit.
(G) Understand and implement decontamination.
(H) Understand termination procedures.
(I) Understand basic chemical and toxicological terminology and behavior
(iv) Hazardous materials specialist. Hazardous materials specialists are individuals who respond with and provide support to hazardous materials technicians. Their duties parallel those of the hazardous materials technician, however, those duties require a more directed or specific knowledge of the various substances they may be called upon to contain. The hazardous materials specialist would also act as the site liaison with Federal, state, local and other government authorities in regards to site activities. Hazardous materials specialists shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the technician level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify:
(A) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan.
(B) Understand classification, identification and verification of known and unknown materials by using advanced survey instruments and equipment.
(C) Know of the state emergency response plan.
(D) Be able to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials specialist.
(E) Understand in-depth hazard and risk techniques.
(F) Be able to perform specialized control, containment, and/or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available.
(G) Be able to determine and implement decontamination procedures.
(H) Have the ability to develop a site safety and control plan.
(I) Understand chemical, radiological and toxicological terminology and behavior.
(v) On scene incident commander. Incident commanders, who will assume control of the incident scene beyond the first responder awareness level, shall receive at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify:
(A) Know and be able to implement the employer's incident command system.
(B) Know how to implement the employer's emergency response plan.
(C) Know and understand the hazards and risks associated with employees working in chemical protective clothing.
(D) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. General Industry Training Requirements 30
(E) Know of the state emergency response plan and of the Federal Regional Response Team.
(F) Know and understand the importance of decontamination procedures.
1910.120(q)(7)
(7) Trainers. Trainers who teach any of the above training subjects shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, such as the courses offered by the U.S. National Fire Academy, or they shall have the training and/or academic credentials and instructional experience necessary to demonstrate competent instructional skills and a good command of the subject matter of the courses they are to teach.
Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132(f)(1)(i) through (v); (2), (3)(i) through (iii) and (4)
(f) Training. (1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know at least the following:
(i) When PPE is necessary;
(ii) What PPE is necessary;
(iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust and wear PPE;
(iv) The limitations of the PPE; and,
(v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the PPE.
(2) Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and the ability to use PPE properly before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE.
(3) When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where:
(i) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete, or
(ii) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or
(iii) Inadequacies in an affected employee's knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill.
(4) The employer shall verify that each affected employee has received and understood the required training through a written certification that contains the name of each employee trained, the date(s) of training, and that identifies the subnject of the certification.
Respiratory Protection 1910.134(k)(1)(i) through (vii); (2), (3), and (5)(i) through (iii)
(k) Training and information. (1) The employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following:
(i) Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator;
(ii) What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are;
(iii) How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions;
(iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator;
(v) What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator;
(vi) How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators; and
(vii) The general requirements of this section.
(2) Training shall be conducted in a manner that is understandable to the employee.
(3) The employer shall provide the training prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace.
(5) Retraining shall be administered annually and when the following situations occur:
(i) Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete;
(ii) Inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or
(iii) Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use.
Respiratory Protection for M Tuberculosis 1910.139(a)(3)
(3) The employee shall use the provided respiratory protection in accordance with instructions and training received.
1910.139(b)(3)
(3) The user shall be instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations.
1910.139(e)(2) through (4) and (5)(i)
(2) the correct respirator shall be specified for each job. The respirator type is usually specified in the work procedures by a qualified individual supervising the respiratory protective program. The individual issuing them shall be adequately instructed to insure that the correct respirator is issued. Each respirator permanently assigned to an individual should be durably marked to indicate to whom it was assigned. This mark shall not affect the respirator performance in any way. The date of issuance should be recorded.
(3) Written procedures shall be prepared covering safe use of respirators in dangerous atmospheres that might be encountered in normal operations or in emergencies. Personnel shall be familiar with these procedures and the available respirators.
(4) Respiratory protection is no better than the respirator in use, even though it is worn conscientiously. Frequent random inspections shall be conducted by a qualified individual to assure that respirators are properly selected, used, cleaned, and maintained.
(5) For safe use of any respirator, it is essential that the user be properly instructed in its selection, use, and maintenance. Both supervisors and workers shall be so instructed by competent persons. Training shall provide the men an opportunity to handle the respirator, have it fitted properly, test its face-piece-toface seal, wear it in normal air for a long familiarity period, and, finally, to wear it in a test atmosphere.
(i) Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instructions including demonstrations and practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker's diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he puts on the respirator. This may be done by following the manufacturer's facepiece fitting instructions
Temporary Labor Camps 1910.142(k)(1) and (2)
(1) Adequate first-aid facilities approved by a health authority shall be maintained and made available in every labor camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons.
(2) Such facilities shall be in charge of a person trained to administer first-aid and shall be readily accessible for use at all times.
Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags 1910.145(c)(1)(ii), (2)(ii) and (3)
(1)(ii) All employees shall be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary.
(2)(ii) All employees shall be instructed that caution signs indicate a possible hazard against which proper precautions should be taken.
(3) Safety instruction signs. Safety instruction signs shall be used where there is a need for general instructions and suggestions relative to safety measures.
Permit Required Confined Spaces 1910.146(g)(1) and (2)(i) through(iv)(3) and (4)and (k)(1)(i) through (iv)
(g) Training (1) The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of the duties assigned under this section.
(2) Training shall be provided to each affected employee:
(i) Before the employee is first assigned duties under this section;
(ii) Before there is a change in assigned duties;
(iii) Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard about which an employee has not previously been trained;
(iv) Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations from the permit space entry procedures required by paragraph (d)(3) of this section or that there are inadequacies in the employees' knowledge or use of these procedures.
(3) The training shall establish employee proficiency in the duties required by this section and shall introduce new or revised procedures, as necessary, for compliance with this section.
(4) The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs (g)(1) through (g)(3) of this section has been accomplished. The certification shall contain each employee's name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, and the dates of training. The certification shall be available for inspection by employees and their authorized representatives.
(k) Rescue and Emergency Services. (1) The following requirements apply to employers who have employees enter permit required confined spaces to perform rescue services.
(i) The employer shall ensure that each member of the rescue service is provided with, and is trained to use properly, the personal protective equipment and rescue equipment necessary for making rescues from permit required confined spaces.
(ii) Each member of the rescue service shall be trained to perform the assigned rescue duties. Each member of the rescue service shall also receive the training required of authorized entrants under paragraph (g) of this section.
(iii) Each member of the rescue service shall practice making permit space rescues at least once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they remove dummies, mannekins, or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or from representative permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size configuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from which rescue is to be performed.
(iv) Each member of the rescue service shall be trained in basic first-aid and in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). At least one member of the rescue service holding current certification in first-aid and in CPR shall be available.
The Control of Hazardous Energy (lockout/tagout) 1910.147(a)(3)(ii); (4)(i)(D); (7)(i)(A) through (C); (ii)(A) through (F); (iii)(A) through (C)(iv) and (8)
(ii) When other standards in this part require the use of lockout or tagout, they shall be used and supplemented by the procedural and training requirements of this section.
(4) Energy control procedure. (i) Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section.
(D) Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that employee's responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the elements set forth in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section.
(7) Training and communication. (i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of energy controls are required by employees. The training shall include the following:
(A) Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control.
(B) Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure.
(C) All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment which are locked out or tagged out.
(ii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags:
(A) Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy isolating devices, and do not provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by a lock.
(B) When a tag is attached to an energy isolating means, it is not to be removed without authorization of the authorized person for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or otherwise defeated.
(C) Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in order to be effective.
(D) Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials which will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace.
(E) Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood as part of the overall energy control program.
(F) Tags must be securely attached to energy isolating devices so that they cannot be inadvertently or accidentally detached during use.
(iii) Employee retraining. (A) Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and affected employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energy control procedures.
(B) Additional retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph (c)(6) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe, that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the knowledge or use of the energy control procedures.
(C) The retraining shall reestablish employee proficiency and introduce new or revised control methods and procedures, as necessary.
(iv) The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certification shall contain each employee's name and dates of training.
(8) Energy isolation. Implementation of lockout or the tagout system shall be performed only by authorized employees.
Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed 1910.147(e)(3)
(3) Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to paragraph (e)(3): When the authorized employee who applied the lock-out or tagout device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the employer, provided that specific procedures and training for such removal have been developed, documented and incorporated into the employer's energy control program. The employer shall demonstrate that the specific procedure provides equivalent safety to the removal of the device by the authorized employee who applied it.
Outside Personnel 1910.147(f)(2)(i)
(i) The on-site employer shall ensure that his/her personnel understand and comply with restrictions and prohibitions of the outside employer's energy control procedures.
Medical Services and First-Aid 1910.151(a) and (b)
(a) The employer shall ensure the ready availability of personnel for advice and consultation on matters of plant health. (b) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately trained to render first-aid. First-aid supplies approved by the consulting physician shall be readily available.
Fire Protection 1910.155(c)(iv)(41)
(41) "Training" means the process of making proficient through instruction and hands-on practice in the operation of equipment, including respiratory protection equipment, that is expected to be used and in the performance of assigned duties.
Fire Brigades 1910.156(b)(1)
(b) Organization - (1) Organizational statement. The employer shall prepare and maintain a statement or written policy which establishes the existence of a fire brigade; the basic organizational structure; the type, amount, and frequency of training to be provided to fire brigade members; the expected number of members in the fire brigade; and the functions that the fire brigade is to perform at the workplace. The organizational statement shall be available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary and by employees or their designated representatives.
Training and Education 1910.156(c)(1) through (4)
(c) Training and education. (1) The employer shall provide training and education for all fire brigade members commensurate with those duties and functions that fire brigade members are expected to perform. Such training and education shall be provided to fire brigade members before they perform fire brigade emergency activities. Fire brigade leaders and training instructors shall be provided with training and education which is more comprehensive than that provided to the general membership of the fire brigade.
(2) The employer shall assure that training and education is conducted frequently enough to assure that each member of the fire brigade is able to perform the member's assigned duties and functions satisfactorily and in a safe manner so as not to endanger fire brigade members or other employees. All fire brigade members shall be provided with training at least annually. In addition, fire brigade members who are expected to perform interior structural firefighting shall be provided with an education session or training at least quarterly.
(3) The quality of the training and education program for fire brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by such fire training schools as the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute; Iowa Fire Service Extension; West Virginia Fire Service Extension; Georgia Fire Academy; New York State Department, Fire Prevention and Control; Louisiana State University Firemen Training Program; or Washington State's Fire Service, Training Commission for Vocational Education. (for example, for the oil refinery industry, with its unique hazards, the training and education program for those fire brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by Texas A & M University, Lamar University, Reno Fire School, or the Delaware State Fire School).
(4) The employer shall inform fire brigade members about special hazards such as storage and use of flammable liquids and gases, toxic chemicals, radioactive sources, and water reactive substances, to which they may be exposed during fire and other emergencies. The fire brigade members shall also be advised of any changes that occur in relation to the special hazards. The employer shall develop and make available for inspection by fire brigade members, written procedures that describe the actions to be taken in situations involving the special hazards and shall include these in the training and education program.
Portable fire Extinguishers 1910.157(g)(1), (2), and (4)
(g) Training and education. (1) Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee use in the workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational program to familiarize employees with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage firefighting.
(2) The employer shall provide the education required in paragraph (g)(1) of this section upon initial employment and at least annually thereafter.
(4) The employer shall provide the training required in paragraph (g)(3) of this section upon initial assignment to the designated group of employees and at least annually thereafter.
1910.158(e)(2)(vi)
(vi) The employer shall designate trained persons to conduct all inspections required under this section.
Fixed Extinguishing Systems 1910.160(b)(10)
(10) The employer shall train employees designated to inspect, maintain, operate, or repair fixed extinguishing systems and annually review their training to keep them up-to-date in the functions they are to perform.
Fire Detection Systems 1910.164(c)(4)
(4) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance and testing of fire detection systems, including cleaning and necessary sensitivity adjustments, are performed by a trained person knowledgeable in the operations and functions of the system.
Employee Alarm Systems 1910.165(d)(5)
(d) Maintenance and testing. (5) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance, and testing of employee alarms are done by persons trained in the designed operation and functions necessary for reliable and safe operation of the system.
Servicing of Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels 1910.177(c)(1)(i) through (iii); (2)(i) through (viii) and (3) Includes single piece wheels per Federal Register of February 3, 1984 (pp. 4338-4352) but not automobile or truck tires marked "LT."
(c) Employee training. (1) The employer shall provide a training program to train all employees who service rim wheels in the hazards involved in servicing those rim wheels and the safety procedures to be followed.
(i) The employer shall assure that no employee services any rim wheel unless the employee has been trained and instructed in correct procedures of servicing the rim type being serviced, and in procedures described in paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section.
(ii) Information to be used in the training program shall include at a minimum, the applicable data contained in the charts, rim manuals, and the contents of this standard.
(iii) Where an employer knows or has reason to believe that any of his employees is unable to read and understand the charts or rim manual, the employer shall assure that the employee is instructed concerning the contents of the charts and rim manual in a manner which the employee is able to understand.
(2) The employer shall assure that each employee demonstrates and maintains the ability to service multi-piece rim wheels safely, including performance of the following tasks:
(i) Demounting of tires (including deflation);
(ii) Inspection and identification of rim wheel components;
(iii) Mounting of tires (including inflation within a restraining device or other safeguards required by this section);
(iv) Use of the restraining device or barrier, and other equipment required by this section;
(v) Handling of rim wheels;
(vi) Inflation of tire when a single piece rim wheel is mounted on a vehicle;
(vii) An understanding of the necessity of standing outside the trajectory both during the inflation of the tire and during inspection of the rim wheel following inflation; and (viii) Installation and removal of rim wheels. (3) The employer shall evaluate each employee's ability to perform these tasks and to service rim wheels safely and shall provide additional training as necessary to assure that each employee maintains his or her proficiency.
1910.177(f)(1); (2)(i) and (ii) and (3) through (11)
(f) Safe operating procedure - multi-piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing multi-piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements:
(1) Tires shall be completely deflated before demounting by removal of the valve core.
(2) Tires shall be completely deflated by removing the valve core before a rim wheel is removed from the axle in either of the following situations:
(i) When the tire has been driven underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or
(ii) When there is obvious or suspected damage to the tire or wheel components.
(3) Rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and rim mating surfaces during assembly of the wheel and inflation of the tire, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against it.
(4) If a tire on a vehicle is underinflated but has more than 80% of the recommended pressure, the tire may be inflated while the rim wheel is on the vehicle provided remote control inflation equipment is used, and no employees remain in the trajectory during inflation.
(5) Tires shall be inflated outside a restraining device only to a pressure sufficient to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge and create an airtight seal with the tire and bead.
(6) Whenever a rim wheel is in a restraining device the employee shall not rest or lean any part of his body or equipment on or against the restraining device.
(7) After tire inflation, the tire and wheel components shall be inspected while still within the restraining device to make sure that they are properly seated and locked. If further adjustment to the tire or wheel components is necessary, the tire shall be deflated by removal of the valve core before the adjustment is made.
(8) No attempt shall be made to correct the seating of side and lock rings by hammering, striking or forcing the components while the tire is pressurized.
(9) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged rim components shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated.
(10) Whenever multi-piece rim wheels are being handled, employees shall stay out of the trajectory unless the employer can demonstrate that performance of the servicing makes the employee's presence in the trajectory necessary.
(11) No heat shall be applied to a multi-piece wheel or wheel component.
1910.177(g)(1) through (12)
(g) Safe operating procedure - single piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing single piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements:
(1) Tires shall be completely deflated by removal of the valve core before demounting.
(2) Mounting and demounting of the tire shall be done only from the narrow ledge side of the wheel. Care shall be taken to avoid damaging the tire beads while mounting tires on wheels. Tires shall be mounted only on compatible wheels of matching bead diameter and width.
(3) Nonflammable rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and wheel mating surfaces before assembly of the rim wheel, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against the use of any rubber lubricant.
(4) If a tire changing machine is used, the tire shall be inflated only to the minimum pressure necessary to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge while on the tire changing machine.
(5) If a bead expander is used, it shall be removed before the valve core installed and as soon as the rim wheel becomes airtight (the tire bead slips onto the bead seat).
(6) Tires may be inflated only when contained within a restraining device, positioned behind a barrier or bolted on the vehicle with the lug nuts fully tightened.
(7) Tires shall not be inflated when any flat, solid surface is in the trajectory and within one foot of the sidewall.
(8) Employees shall stay out of the trajectory when inflating a tire.
(9) Tires shall not be inflated to more than the inflation pressure stamped in the sidewall unless a higher pressure is recommended by the manufacturer.
(10) Tires shall not be inflated above the maximum pressure recommended by the manufacturer to seat the tire bead firmly against the rim flange.
(11) No heat shall be applied to a single piece wheel.
(12) Cracked, broken, bent, or otherwise damaged wheels shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated.
Powered Industrial Trucks 1910.178(1)
(l) Operator training. Only trained and authorized operators shall be permitted to operate a powered industrial truck. Methods shall be devised to train operators in the safe operation of powered industrial trucks.
Moving the Load 1910.179(n)(3)(ix)
(ix) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load, one qualified responsible person shall be in charge of the operation. He shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made.
1910.179(o)(3)
(3) Fire extinguishers. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided.
Crawler Locomotives and Truck Cranes 1910.180(i)(5)(ii)
(ii) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be made familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers provided.
Mechanical Power Presses 1910.217(e)(3)
(3) Training of maintenance personnel. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to insure the original and continuing competence of personnel caring for, inspecting, and maintaining power presses.
1910.217(f)(2)
(2) Instruction to operators. The employer shall train and instruct the operator in the safe method of work before starting work on any operation covered by this section. The employer shall insure by adequate supervision that correct operating procedures are being followed.
Mechanical Power Presses -- Instructions to Operators 1910.217(e)(2)
(2) Instruction to operators. The employer shall train and instruct the operator in the safe method of work before starting work on any operation covered by this section. The employer shall insure by adequate supervision that correct operating procedures are being followed.
Training of Maintenance personnel 1910.217(e)(3)
(3) Training of Maintenance personnel. It shall be responsibility of the employer to insure the original and continuing competence of personnel caring for, inspecting, and maintaining power presses.
Operator Training 1910.217(H)(13)(i)(A) through (E) and (ii)
(i) The operator training required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section shall be provided to the employee before the employee initially operates the press and as needed to maintain competence, but not less than annually thereafter. It shall include instruction relative to the following items for presses used in the PSDI mode:
(A) The manufacturer's recommended test procedures for checking operation of the presence sensing device. This shall include the use of the test rod required by paragraph (h)(10)(i) of this section.
(B) The safety distance required.
(C) The operation, function and performance of the PSDI mode.
(D) The requirements for hand tools that may be used in the PSDI mode.
(E) The severe consequences that can result if he or she attempts to circumvent or bypass any of the safeguard or operating functions of the PSDI system.
(ii) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be maintained on file for the duration of the employee's employment. The certification record shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health.
Forging Machines 1910.218(a)(2)(iii)
(2) Inspection and maintenance. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to maintain all forge shop equipment in a condition which will ensure continued safe operation. This responsibility includes:
(iii) Training personnel for the proper inspection and maintenance of forging machinery and equipment.
Welding, Cutting, and Brazing -- General Requirements 1910.252(a)(2)(xiii)(C)
(xiii) Management. Management shall recognize its responsibility for the safe usage of cutting and welding equipment on its property and:
(C) Insist that cutters or welders and their supervisors are suitably trained in the safe operation of their equipment and the safe use of the process.
Oxygen -- Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting 1910.253(a)(4)
(4) Personnel. Workmen in charge of the oxygen or fuel-gas supply equipment, including generators, and oxygen or fuel-gas distribution piping systems shall be instructed by their employers for this important work before being left in charge. Rules and instructions covering the operation and maintenance of oxygen or fuel-gas supply equipment including generators, and oxygen or fuel-gas distribution piping systems shall be readily available.
Arc Welding and Cutting 1910.254(a)(3)
(3) Instruction. Workmen designated to operate arc welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and qualified to operate such equipment as specified in paragraph (d) of this section.
Resistance Welding 1910.255(a)(3)
(3) Personnel. Workmen designated to operate resistance welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and judged competent to operate such equipment.
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 1910.261(h)(3)(ii)
(ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing chlorine shall be supplied, conveniently placed, and regularly inspected, and workers who may be exposed to chlorine gas shall be instructed in their use.
Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules 1910.264(d)(1)(v)
(v) Instruction of employees. Employees shall be properly instructed as to the hazards of their work and be instructed in safe practices, by bulletins, printed rules, and verbal instructions.
Sawmills 1910.265(c)(3)(x)
(x) Lift trucks. Lift trucks shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated in accordance with the requirements of 1910.178.
Logging 1910.266(i)(1) and(2)(i) through (iv); (3)(i) through (vi); (4) and(5)(i) through (iv); (6)and (7)(i) through (iii); (8) and (9)
(i)Training. (1) The employer shall provide training for each employee, including supervisors, at no cost to the employee.
(2) Frequency. Training shall be provided as follows:
(i) As soon as possible but not later than the effective date of this section for initial training for each current and new employee;
(ii) Prior to initial assignment for each new employee;
(iii) Whenever the employee is assigned new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles; and,
(iv) Whenever an employee demonstrates unsafe job performance.
(3) Content. At a minimum, training shall consist of the following elements:
(i) Safe performance of assigned work tasks;
(ii) Safe use, operation, and maintenance of tools, machines, and vehicles the employee uses or operates, including emphasis on understanding and following the manufacturer's instructions, warnings, and precautions;
(iii) Recognition of safety and health hazards associated with the employee's specific work tasks, including the use of measures and work practices to prevent or control those hazards;
(iv) Recognition, prevention, and control of other safety and health hazards in the logging industry;
(v) Procedures, practices, and requirements of the employer's work site; and
(vi) The requirements of this standard.
(4) Training of an employee due to unsafe job performance, or assignment of new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles may be limited to those elements in paragraph (I)(3) of this section which are relevant to the circumstances giving rise to the need for training.
(5) Portability of training. (i) Each current employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in paragraph (i)(3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements.
(ii) Each new employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in paragraph (i)(3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements prior to initial assignment.
(iii) The employer shall train each current and new employee in those elements for which the employee has not received training.
(iv) The employer is responsible for ensuring that each current and new employee can properly and safely perform the work tasks and operate the tools, equipment, machines, and vehicles used in their job.
(6) Each new employee and each employee who is required to be trained as specified in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, shall work under the close supervision of a designated person until the employee demonstrates to the employer the ability to safely perform the new duties independently.
(7) First-aid training. (i) The employer shall assure that each employee, including supervisors, receives or has received first-aid and CPR training meeting at least the requirements specified in Appendix B of this standard.
(ii) The employer shall assure that each employee receives first-aid training at least every three years and receives CPR training at least annually.
(iii) The employer shall assure that each employee's first-aid and CPR training and/or certificate of training remain current.
(8) All training shall be conducted by a designated person.
(9) The employer shall assure that all training required by this section is presented in a manner that the employee is able to understand. The employer shall assure that all training materials used are appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational level, literacy, and language skills of the employees being trained.
Telecommunications 1910.268(b)(2)(i)
(i) Employees assigned to work with storage batteries shall be instructed in emergency procedures such as dealing with accidental acid spills.
1910.268(c)(1) through (3)
(c) Training. Employers shall provide training in the various precautions and safe practices described in this section and shall insure that employees do not engage in the activities to which this section applies until such employees have received proper training in the various precautions and safe practices required by this section. However, where the employer can demonstrate that an employee is already trained in the precautions and safe practices required by this section prior to his employment, training need not be provided to that employee in accordance with this section. Where training is required, it shall consist of on-the-job training or classroom-type training or a combination of both. The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be maintained on file for the duration of the employee's employment. The certification record shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health. Such training shall, where appropriate, include the following subjects:
(1) Recognition and avoidance of dangers relating to encounters with harmful substances and animal, insect, or plant life;
(2) Procedures to be followed in emergency situations; and,
(3) First-aid training, including instruction in artificial respiration.
Derrick Trucks 1910.268(j)(4)(iv)(D)
(D) Only persons trained in the operation of the derrick shall be permitted to operate the derrick
Cable Fault Locating 1910.268(l)(1)
(l) Cable fault locating and testing. (1) Employees involved in using high voltages to locate trouble or test cables shall be instructed in the precautions necessary for their own safety and the safety of other employees.
Guarding Manholes 1910.268(o)(1)(ii)
(ii) While work is being performed in the manhole, a person with basic firstaid training shall be immediately available to render assistance if there is cause for believing that a safety hazard exists, and if the requirements contained in paragraphs (d)(1) and (o)(1)(i) of this section do not adequately protect the employee(s).
Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes 1910.268(o)(3)
(3) Joint power and telecommunication manholes. While work is being performed in a manhole occupied jointly by an electric utility and a telecommunication utility, an employee with basic first-aid training shall be available in the immediate vicinity to render emergency assistance as may be required. The employee whose presence is required in the immediate vicinity for the purposes of rendering emergency assistance is not to be precluded from occasionally entering a manhole to provide assistance other than in an emergency. The requirement of this paragraph (o)(3) does not preclude a qualified employee, working alone, from entering for brief periods of time, a manhole where energized cables or equipment are in service, for the purpose of inspection, housekeeping, taking readings, or similar work if such work can be performed safely.
Tree Trimming -- Electrical Hazards 1910.268(q)(1)(ii)(A) through (D)
(ii) Employees engaged in line clearing operations shall be instructed that:
(A) A direct contact is made when any part of the body touches or contacts an energized conductor, or other energized electrical fixture or apparatus.
(B) An indirect contact is made when any part of the body touches any object in contact with an energized electrical conductor, or other energized fixture or apparatus.
(C) An indirect contact can be made through conductive tools, tree branches, trucks, equipment, or other objects, or as a result of communications wires, cables, fences, or guy wires being accidentally energized.
(D) Electric shock will occur when an employee, by either direct or indirect contact with an energized conductor, energized tree limb, tool, equipment, or other object, provides a path for the flow of electricity to a grounded object or to the ground itself. Simultaneous contact with two energized conductors will also cause electric shock which may result in serious or fatal injury.
1910.268(q)(2)(ii)
(ii) Only qualified employees or trainees, familiar with the special techniques and hazards involved in line clearance, shall be permitted to perform the work if it is found that an electrical hazard exists.
1910.268(q)(2)(iii)
(iii) During all tree working operations aloft where an electrical hazard of more than 750V exists, there shall be a second employee or trainee qualified in line clearance tree trimming within normal voice communication.
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 1910.269(b)(1)(i) and (ii); (d)(vi)(A) through (C); (vii); (viii)(A) through (C); and (ix)
(b) Medical services and first-aid. The employer shall provide medical services and first-aid as required in Section 1910.151 of this part. In addition to the requirements of Section 1910.151 of the Part, the following requirements also apply:
(1) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first-aid training. When employees are performing work on or associated with exposed lines or equipment energized at 50 volts or more, persons trained in first-aid including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) shall be available as follow |
